# Discovery of a Novel Coumarin/Thiazole Chalcone Hybrid as a Potent Dual Inhibitor of Tubulin and Carbonic Anhydrases IX & XII with Promising Anti-Proliferative Activity

## TL;DR

A new compound was developed that effectively stops cancer cell growth by targeting multiple pathways, including tubulin and carbonic anhydrases.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a novel coumarin/thiazole chalcone hybrid with dual inhibition of tubulin and carbonic anhydrases IX & XII.

## Key findings

- Compound 6 showed strong antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with high selectivity.
- It inhibited tubulin polymerization and carbonic anhydrases IX and XII at submicromolar levels.
- The compound induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis via mitochondrial signaling and caspase activation.

## Abstract

Multitarget-directed ligands offer a promising strategy for overcoming tumor complexity through simultaneous modulation of complementary oncogenic pathways. In this work, a novel (E)-6-(3-(4-methyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydrothiazol-5-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (compound 6) was synthesized and evaluated as a dual inhibitor of tubulin polymerization and tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases (CAs) IX and XII. Compound 6 displayed potent antiproliferative activity, particularly against MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells (IC50 = 0.37 µM), with excellent selectivity toward non-tumorigenic cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated strong tubulin polymerization inhibition (IC50 = 3.40 ± 0.09 µM) and submicromolar inhibition of CA IX (IC50 = 0.102 ± 0.005 µM) and CA XII (IC50 = 0.213 ± 0.004 µM), accompanied by downregulation of CA-IX and CA-XII protein expression. Cellular investigations revealed pronounced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis induction via mitochondrial signaling and caspase activation. Anti-angiogenic activity was supported by inhibition of endothelial migration and concentration-dependent suppression of VEGFR-2 (Tyr1175) phosphorylation in HUVEC cells. Human liver microsomal assays indicated measurable metabolic stability, while molecular docking and in silico ADMET predictions supported target engagement and drug-like properties. Collectively, these findings identify compound 6 as a promising multitarget anticancer lead integrating antimitotic, metabolic, and anti-angiogenic mechanisms.