# Cattle Immunization with T7 Phage-Displayed Whole-Tick Antigens Reduces Amblyomma americanum Feeding Efficiency and Blocks Larval Tick Hatching

## TL;DR

A T7 phage-based vaccine in cattle reduces tick feeding and larval hatching by inducing strong immune responses against tick antigens.

## Contribution

A scalable T7 phage-displayed whole-tick antigen platform is developed for inducing durable anti-tick immunity in cattle.

## Key findings

- Vaccinated cattle showed immune responses against tick proteins, not the phage backbone.
- Adjuvanted vaccines induced stronger immunity and reduced tick feeding and blood ingestion.
- Larval hatching dropped from 54% in control to 4% in immunized cattle.

## Abstract

This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a T7 phage display platform to deliver a library of tick antigens as a vaccine to disrupt tick feeding in cattle. Cattle were vaccinated at three-week intervals via intradermal and intramuscular routes with a cocktail of male and female Amblyomma americanum T7 phage display cDNA libraries, with and without adjuvant. ELISA and Western blot analyses confirmed that vaccinated cattle mounted immune responses directed against phage-displayed tick proteins rather than the T7 phage backbone. Vaccine-induced antibodies recognized both native tick salivary gland proteins and selected recombinant salivary proteins, indicating effective antigen presentation and biologically relevant immunity with binding to native tick saliva proteins. The adjuvanted formulation elicited significantly stronger immune responses than phage-only immunization. Immunized cattle exhibited robust immune memory, evidenced by a pronounced anamnestic response following tick infestation. This immunity translated into measurable anti-tick effects, including reduced tick feeding efficiency and blood ingestion. Tick reproductive success was severely compromised, with larval hatching declining from 54% in ticks fed on control cattle to 4% in ticks fed on immunized cattle. This study establishes a practical and scalable T7 phage-displayed whole-tick antigen platform capable of inducing durable anti-tick immunity in cattle.