# Integrating Machine Learning and Microwave-Assisted Green Extraction: Total Colorimetric Response Assay-Based Optimization of Opuntia ficus-indica Seed Residues

## TL;DR

This study uses machine learning and microwave extraction to optimize the recovery of valuable compounds from cactus seeds, improving sustainability and efficiency.

## Contribution

A novel integration of K-nearest neighbors and dragonfly algorithm for optimizing microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds.

## Key findings

- Optimal extraction conditions achieved 376.85 mg GAE/100 g DW for Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity.
- The KNN_DA model showed high predictive accuracy with less than 3% error in key parameters.
- Extracts under optimized conditions demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activity.

## Abstract

The valorization of agro-industrial by-products is a sustainable approach to recovering high-value bioactive compounds. In this study, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. seed press residues were investigated as a source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). A multi-step optimization strategy was implemented, combining preliminary single-factor experiments (OVAT), response surface methodology based on a Box–Behnken design (BBD), and machine learning modeling using K-nearest neighbors coupled with the dragonfly algorithm (KNN_DA), followed by desirability-based validation. The effects of ethanol concentration (50–100%), microwave power (400–800 W), extraction time (2–4 min), and liquid-to-solid ratio (30–50 mL/g) were evaluated on Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity (FCRC), AlCl3 complexation response, and antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power assays. Optimal conditions were identified at 50% ethanol, 800 W microwave power, 4 min extraction time, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 47.28 mL/g. Under these conditions, FCRC reached 376.85 ± 0.23 mg GAE/100 g DW and 49.16 ± 0.33 mg QE/100 g DW for AlCl3 complexation response, with prediction errors of 2.80% and 0.82%, respectively. The optimized extracts exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity. These findings confirm MAE as a rapid and environmentally friendly technique and highlight the predictive performance of the KNN_DA model for process optimization.