# Degradation of Mechanical Properties in HR3C Steel: The Role of σ and M23C6 Phase Evolution During Long-Term Service

## TL;DR

This study examines how long-term use affects HR3C steel's properties, finding significant embrittlement due to phase changes.

## Contribution

The study identifies M23C6 and σ-phase precipitates as key factors in the embrittlement of HR3C steel after extended service.

## Key findings

- M23C6 precipitates form along grain boundaries after 70,000 hours of service.
- Ductility and impact toughness decrease significantly, with embrittlement observed.
- Yield strength increases by 15%, but elongation drops by 64–73%.

## Abstract

This study systematically investigated the chemical composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of HR3C steel tubes that have been in service. The results indicate that, after nearly 70,000 h of operation, continuous lamellar M23C6 precipitates formed along grain boundaries in the HR3C steel, with needle-like or rod-like M23C6 phases extending from the grain boundaries into the grain interiors. Additionally, NbCrN and σ-phase precipitates were observed in the regions adjacent to the grain boundaries. Mechanical testing revealed a slight increase in hardness following service exposure, while the tensile strength remained largely unchanged; the yield strength, however, increased by approximately 15%. In contrast, the elongation at fracture decreased significantly—ductility declined by 64–73% relative to the as-received condition—and impact toughness dropped dramatically by 96%. These findings collectively indicate pronounced embrittlement of the HR3C steel after long-term service at 620 °C. Microstructural analysis confirms that the precipitation of M23C6 and σ phases is the primary contributor to the observed deterioration in toughness and ductility.