# Love Wave Propagation in a Piezoelectric Composite Structure with an Inhomogeneous Internal Layer

## TL;DR

This paper studies how Love waves propagate in piezoelectric materials with an inhomogeneous layer, offering insights for designing surface wave devices and sensors.

## Contribution

The study introduces a power series method to analyze Love wave propagation in functionally graded piezoelectric materials with material inhomogeneity.

## Key findings

- Material inhomogeneity affects phase velocity, electromechanical coupling, and displacement distribution of Love waves.
- Piezoelectric damage and material bonding influence higher mode appearance and fundamental mode region in electrically open and shorted cases.

## Abstract

An inhomogeneous thin internal stratum sometimes exists between two dissimilar materials, which is usually caused by non-uniform thermal distribution, interaction of different media, diffusion impurity or material degeneration and damage. In this paper, it is considered as a functional graded (FG) piezoelectric material in surface acoustic wave devices, and we investigate its effect on Love wave propagation within the framework of the linear piezoelectric theory. Correspondingly, the power series technique is presented and applied to solve the dynamic governing equations, i.e., two-dimensional partial differential equations with variable coefficients, with the convergence and correctness being proved. In this method, the material coefficients can change in random functions along the thickness direction, which reveals the generality of this method to some extent. As the numerical case, the elastic coefficient, piezoelectric coefficient, dielectric permittivity, and mass density change in the linear form but with different graded parameters, and the influence of material inhomogeneity on the Love wave propagation is systematically investigated, including the phase velocity, electromechanical coupling factor, and displacement distribution. In addition, the FG piezoelectric material caused by piezoelectric damage and material bonding is discussed. Numerical results demonstrated that both piezoelectric damaged and material bonding can make the higher modes appear earlier for the electrically open case, decrease the initial phase velocity, and limit the existing region of the fundamental Love mode for the electrically shorted case. The qualitative conclusions and quantitative results can provide a theoretical guide for the structural design of surface wave devices and sensors.