# Green Palladium Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Synthesis and Biomedical Application **Authors:** Ekaterina O. Mikhailova PMC · DOI: 10.3390/jfb17030152 · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · 2026-03-19 ## TL;DR This paper reviews how green methods using living organisms can create palladium nanoparticles and their potential uses in medicine. ## Contribution The paper provides a comprehensive review of the biosynthesis mechanisms and biomedical potential of palladium nanoparticles. ## Key findings - Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles uses bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. - Palladium nanoparticles show antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. - Biomolecules play a key role in the synthesis and functionality of these nanoparticles. ## Abstract Green synthesis of nanoparticles has become one of the most popular research areas in recent decades due to its environmentally friendly nature and the minimization of harmful chemical by-products. This review focuses on the mechanism of palladium nanoparticle (PdNP) biosynthesis using bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants, and their potential biological activities, such as antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and other properties, with the aim of their further biomedical applications. The role of various biomolecules in these processes is also discussed. ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** Pecam1 (platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1) [NCBI Gene 18613] {aka Cd31, PECAM-1, Pecam}, BAX (BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator) [NCBI Gene 581] {aka BCL2L4}, TP53 (tumor protein p53) [NCBI Gene 7157] {aka BCC7, BMFS5, LFS1, P53, TRP53}, TF (transferrin) [NCBI Gene 7018] {aka HEL-S-71p, PRO1557, PRO2086, TFQTL1}, ADH5 (alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide) [NCBI Gene 128] {aka ADH-3, ADHX, AMEDS, BMFS7, FALDH, FDH}, CAT (catalase) [NCBI Gene 847], LYZ (lysozyme) [NCBI Gene 4069] {aka AMYLD5, LYZF1, LZM}, CYCS (cytochrome c, somatic) [NCBI Gene 54205] {aka CYC, HCS, THC4}, ALB (albumin) [NCBI Gene 213] {aka FDAHT, HSA, PRO0883, PRO0903, PRO1341}, REG4 (regenerating family member 4) [NCBI Gene 83998] {aka GISP, REG-IV, RELP}, IL12B (interleukin 12B) [NCBI Gene 3593] {aka CLMF, CLMF2, IL-12B, IMD28, IMD29, NKSF}, NFKB1 (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1) [NCBI Gene 4790] {aka CVID12, EBP-1, KBF1, NF-kB, NF-kB1, NF-kappa-B1}, SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) [NCBI Gene 6647] {aka ALS, ALS1, HEL-S-44, IPOA, SOD, STAHP}, CASP3 (caspase 3) [NCBI Gene 836] {aka CPP32, CPP32B, SCA-1} - **Diseases:** CRC (MESH:D015179), ovarian cancer (MESH:D010051), diabetic (MESH:D003920), mitochondrial dysfunction (MESH:D028361), atherosclerosis (MESH:D050197), inflammation (MESH:D007249), neurodegenerative disorders (MESH:D019636), polymicrobial infections (MESH:D060085), pancreatic cancer (MESH:D010190), kidney cancer (MESH:D007680), Toxicity (MESH:D064420), breast adenocarcinoma (MESH:D001943), liver cancer (MESH:D006528), prostate cancer (MESH:D011471), Fungal infections (MESH:D009181), liver metastasis (MESH:D009362), Malaria (MESH:D008288), Leukemic (MESH:D007938), cancer (MESH:D009369), bacterial (MESH:D001424), tissue damage (MESH:D017695), hemolytic (MESH:D006461), infection (MESH:D007239), microbial infections (MESH:D015163), injury to (MESH:D014947), hepatic abnormalities (MESH:D056486) - **Chemicals:** Hemicellulose (MESH:C007916), eugenol (MESH:D005054), amide (MESH:D000577), Essential oils (MESH:D009822), K+ (MESH:D011188), caffeic acid (MESH:C040048), sugars (MESH:D000073893), alkenes (MESH:D000475), gum ghatti (MESH:C015253), carotenoids (MESH:D002338), kaempferol (MESH:C006552), MTT (MESH:C070243), ketones (MESH:D007659), chlorogenic acid (MESH:D002726), ursolic acid (MESH:C005466), water (MESH:D014867), Silver (MESH:D012834), polyol (MESH:C024617), Polysaccharides (MESH:D011134), starch (MESH:D013213), quercetin (MESH:D011794), taxifolin (MESH:C003377), gold (MESH:D006046), formate (MESH:C030544), tricosanoic acid (MESH:C068166), gentisic acid (MESH:C010925), doxorubicin (MESH:D004317), ethyl esters (MESH:C465446), Guar gum (MESH:C007894), free radicals (MESH:D005609), galactose (MESH:D005690), pyrogallol (MESH:D011748), mannose (MESH:D008358), glucose (MESH:D005947), Lipid (MESH:D008055), alkaloids (MESH:D000470), chitosan (MESH:D048271), flavin (MESH:C024132), platinum (MESH:D010984), sulfur (MESH:D013455), cellulose (MESH:D002482), Flavonoids (MESH:D005419), alginate (MESH:D000464), resveratrol (MESH:D000077185), iron (MESH:D007501), Tannins (MESH:D013634), Frankincense resin (MESH:D065260), oleic acid (MESH:D019301), niacin (MESH:D009525), arabinose (MESH:D001089), alcohol (MESH:D000438), fluconazole (MESH:D015725), catechin (MESH:D002392), polyphosphates (MESH:D011122), Propolis (MESH:D011429), quinones (MESH:D011809), carbohydrates (MESH:D002241), triterpenoids (MESH:D014315), polyphenols (MESH:D059808), stearic acid (MESH:C031183) - **Species:** Couroupita guianensis (cannonball tree, species) [taxon 66684], Salvia hispanica (species) [taxon 49212], Enterococcus faecalis (species) [taxon 1351], Bacillus cereus (species) [taxon 1396], Botryococcus braunii (species) [taxon 38881], Inonotus obliquus (chaga, species) [taxon 167356], PX clade (clade) [taxon 569578], Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony, species) [taxon 167791], Fusarium oxysporum (species) [taxon 5507], Panax ginseng (Asiatic ginseng, species) [taxon 4054], Chrysophyllum cainito (star apple, species) [taxon 221251], Trichormus variabilis (species) [taxon 264691], Candida albicans (species) [taxon 5476], Eryngium caeruleum (species) [taxon 155275], Myristica fragrans (mace, species) [taxon 51089], Zingiber officinale (ginger, species) [taxon 94328], Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito, species) [taxon 7159], Agaricus bisporus (common mushroom, species) [taxon 5341], Geobacter sulfurreducens (species) [taxon 35554], Orthosiphon stamineus (species) [taxon 260636], Fungi (kingdom) [taxon 4751], Punica granatum (granado, species) [taxon 22663], Tinospora cordifolia (species) [taxon 285590], Senegalia senegal (gum-arabic, species) [taxon 138043], Dioscorea bulbifera (aerial yam, species) [taxon 35874], Solanum nigrum (black nightshade, species) [taxon 4112], Lantana trifolia (species) [taxon 925354], Tamarindus indica (tamarind, species) [taxon 58860], Saururus chinensis (species) [taxon 54806], Syzygium aromaticum (clove, species) [taxon 219868], Dolomiaea costus (kuth, species) [taxon 324593], Chlorella vulgaris (species) [taxon 3077], Acidocella aromatica (species) [taxon 1303579], Cronobacter sakazakii (species) [taxon 28141], Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry, species) [taxon 13750], Citrobacter sp. (species) [taxon 1896336], Leptolyngbya boryana (species) [taxon 1184], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast, species) [taxon 4932], Anopheles stephensi (Asian malaria mosquito, species) [taxon 30069], Acinetobacter pittii (species) [taxon 48296], Andrographis paniculata (species) [taxon 175694], Annona squamosa (sugar-apple, species) [taxon 301693], A. flavus [taxon 315677], Shewanella oneidensis (species) [taxon 70863], Phaeophyceae (brown algae, class) [taxon 2870], Bacillus subtilis (species) [taxon 1423], Eclipta prostrata (species) [taxon 53719], Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito, species) [taxon 7176], Escherichia coli (E. coli, species) [taxon 562], Padina boryana (species) [taxon 531983], Klebsiella pneumoniae (species) [taxon 573], Parthenium hysterophorus (species) [taxon 183063], Acidiphilium cryptum (species) [taxon 524], Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters, species) [taxon 3559], Pseudomonas sp. S (species) [taxon 413904], Allium sativum (garlic, species) [taxon 4682], Danio rerio (leopard danio, species) [taxon 7955], Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary, species) [taxon 39367], Anopheles subpictus (species) [taxon 59160] - **Cell lines:** MiaPaCa-2 — Homo sapiens (Human), Pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0428), Hep-G2 — Homo sapiens (Human), Hepatoblastoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0027), HEK293 — Homo sapiens (Human), Transformed cell line (CVCL_0045), LS180 — Homo sapiens (Human), Colon adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0397), PK13 — Sus scrofa (Pig), Spontaneously immortalized cell line (CVCL_6433), HeLa — Homo sapiens (Human), Human papillomavirus-related endocervical adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0030), HT-29 — Homo sapiens (Human), Colon adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0320), HCT-15 — Homo sapiens (Human), Colon adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0292), MDA-MB-231 — Homo sapiens (Human), Breast adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0062), L929 — Mus musculus (Mouse), Spontaneously immortalized cell line (CVCL_AR58), A2780 — Homo sapiens (Human), Ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0134), J774 — Mus musculus (Mouse), Mouse reticulum cell sarcoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_4692), A549 — Homo sapiens (Human), Lung adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0023), HCT-116 — Homo sapiens (Human), Colon carcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0291), MCF-7 — Homo sapiens (Human), Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0031), PC-3 — Homo sapiens (Human), Prostate carcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0035), WEHI-3B — Mus musculus (Mouse), Mouse leukemia, Cancer cell line (CVCL_WB18), SW480 — Homo sapiens (Human), Colon adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0546) ## Full text _Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC13028345/full.md ## Figures 6 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC13028345/full.md ## References 153 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC13028345/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC13028345