# Measuring Plantar Flexor Voluntary Activation and Maximal Voluntary Contraction in a Portable, Seated Method: A Validity and Reliability Study

## TL;DR

This study shows a portable method for testing ankle muscle activation is as valid and reliable as lab methods, making it easier to use in practical settings.

## Contribution

A portable, seated method for measuring plantar flexor voluntary activation and MVC is validated and shown to be reliable.

## Key findings

- No significant difference in voluntary activation between portable and lab methods.
- Portable protocol showed good reliability (ICC = 0.85) and low measurement error.
- The method is suitable for tracking within-subject changes over time.

## Abstract

Background: Voluntary activation testing quantifies the ability of the motor nervous system to produce maximal force. Laboratory assessment of ankle plantar flexor voluntary activation is common, but field testing in practical settings is limited by equipment portability. We aimed to compare plantar flexor voluntary activation and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using a portable device with a standardised laboratory method and evaluate the test–retest reliability of the portable protocol. Methods: We performed a pseudo-randomised, crossover design. Participants completed two protocols: (1) portable force plate testing and (2) a laboratory-based isokinetic dynamometer. Voluntary activation was assessed using twitch interpolation via tibial nerve stimulation. Differences between protocols were analysed using generalised estimating equations. Reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and coefficient of variation (CV). Results: Twenty healthy participants (8 females, 12 males; median age 28.5 years) were included. No difference between protocols was detected for voluntary activation (β = 0.6, p = 0.68). The portable protocol demonstrated good reliability (ICC = 0.85) and low measurement error (SEM = 2.56%, CV = 2.79%). Conclusions: We demonstrated that the portable protocol is a valid and reliable method for assessing plantar flexor voluntary activation. It is suitable for assessing within-subject changes over time and can reduce participant attendance burden for neurophysiological muscle testing.