# Ultrafast Optical Analysis and Control of Spectral Flatness in Cavity-Less Electro-Optic Combs

## TL;DR

This paper explores how to improve the spectral flatness of cavity-less electro-optic combs using ultrafast optical analysis and control methods.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel method to mitigate spectral interference by cascading intensity modulators and establishes a nonlinear relationship between spectral flatness and modulation extinction ratio.

## Key findings

- Cascading intensity modulators reduces spectral interference and improves modulation extinction ratio.
- A spectral flatness of 0.54 dB among 11 lines was achieved using high-sensitive optical measurement techniques.
- Enhanced signal-to-noise-and-distortion (SINAD) in photonic analog-to-digital converters was observed.

## Abstract

The cavity-less electro-optic combs (EOCs), recognized for exceptional tunability, stability and high power, are a crucial enabler for the fields such as optical communications, precision measurement and metrology, and microwave photonics. This work systematically investigates the fundamental physical factors that govern the spectral flatness via ultrafast measurements and modeling simulations. The ultrafast analysis results demonstrate that, the finite effective modulation extinction ratio of the electro-optic intensity modulators will result in generation of coherent spectral components with identical frequencies but varying phases and amplitudes in ultrashort temporal scale, finally lead to remarkable spectral interference and further intensity fluctuations across the combs spectrum. Furthermore, the established mathematical relationship between the spectral flatness and the modulation extinction ratio of the intensity modulators exhibits a nonlinear dependence up to the third order. Cascading intensity modulators has been exploited to mitigate the spectral interference and improve the modulation extinction ratio, which has been verified by using home-made high sensitive autocorrelator and frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG), and finely spectral flatness of 0.54 dB among 11 lines has been achieved, which recognized for the first time that modulation extinction ratio related spectral interference phenomenon play a subtle role in EOCs generation. Furthermore, photonic analog-to-digital converters (PADCs) have been investigated and an obvious enhancement in signal-to-noise-and-distortion (SINAD) is achieved, These findings will provide crucial theoretical and experimental support for optimizing EOCs performance, and advance the development and application.