# A Spectrally Compatible Pseudo-Panchromatic Intensity Reconstruction for PCA-Based UAS RGB–Multispectral Image Fusion

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method to create a pseudo-panchromatic image that improves the fusion of RGB and multispectral drone images for archaeological analysis.

## Contribution

The novel hybrid intensity method (PPANE) balances spectral compatibility and spatial sharpness in UAS image fusion.

## Key findings

- PPANE increases mean corresponding-band correlation from 0.842 to 0.928 and reduces mean SAM from 5.782° to 4.264°.
- PPANE maintains spatial sharpness comparable to RGB-derived intensity while improving spectral consistency.
- The method performs consistently across different archaeological sites in Northern Greece.

## Abstract

The paper presents a method for generating a pseudo-panchromatic (PPAN) orthophotomosaic that is spectrally compatible with the multispectral (MS) orthophotomosaic, and it targets the fusion of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) RGB–MS orthophotomosaics when no true panchromatic band is available. In typical UAS imaging systems, RGB and multispectral sensors operate independently and exhibit different spectral responses and spatial resolutions, making the construction of a spectrally compatible substitution intensity a critical challenge for component substitution fusion. The conventional RGB-derived PPAN preserves spatial detail but is constrained by RGB–MS spectral incompatibility, expressed as reduced corresponding-band similarity. The proposed hybrid intensity (PPANE) increases the mean corresponding-band correlation from 0.842 (PPANA) to 0.928 (PPANE) and reduces the across-site mean SAM from 5.782° to 4.264°, while maintaining spatial sharpness comparable to the RGB-derived intensity. It is proposed that the PPANE orthophotomosaic be produced as a hybrid intensity (single band) image. Specifically, a multispectral-visible-derived intensity is resampled onto the RGB grid and statistically integrated with RGB spatial detail, followed by mild high-frequency enhancement to produce the final PPANE orthophotomosaic. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) fusion is applied to seven archaeological sites in Northern Greece. Spectral quality is evaluated on the MS grid using band-wise (corresponding-band) correlation and the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), while the spatial sharpness of the fused NIR orthophotomosaic is assessed using Tenengrad and Laplacian variance. The PPANE orthophotomosaic consistently increases correlations relative to PPANA (especially in Red Edge/NIR) and reduces the mean site-mean SAM. PPANC yields the lowest SAM but also the lowest spatial sharpness/clarity, whereas PPANE maintains spatial sharpness/clarity comparable to PPANA, supporting a balance between spectral consistency and spatial detail, as also confirmed through comparative evaluation against established component substitution fusion methods. The approach is reproducible and avoids full histogram matching; instead, it relies on explicitly defined linear standardization steps (mean–std normalization) and controlled spatial sharpening, and performs consistently across different scenes.