# Exploring Thermally Conductive and Form-Stable Phase Change Composites: A Review of Recent Advances and Thermal Energy Applications

## TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in phase change composites for thermal energy storage, focusing on new materials and their applications in energy systems.

## Contribution

The paper introduces 3D porous thermally conductive skeletons as a promising solution for improving phase change material performance.

## Key findings

- 3D aerogel-based skeletons are the most promising porous supporting materials for phase change composites.
- Functionalization strategies like metal foams and MXene aerogels enhance thermal conductivity and shape stability.
- These composites enable applications in solar conversion, electronics cooling, and wearable thermal regulation.

## Abstract

State-of-the-art advances of high-performance PCCs were reviewed.

3D aerogel-based skeletons are the most promising porous supporting materials.

Multiple application prospects and future development directions were outlooked.

The global population explosion and accelerated industrialization have led to an increasing shortage of fossil fuels and environmental contamination, underscoring the urgent need to develop innovative energy storage technologies to improve energy utilization efficiency. As pivotal components in thermal energy storage (TES) systems, phase change materials (PCMs) enable spatiotemporal matching between thermal energy supply and demand through latent heat absorption and release during phase transitions. Organic PCMs are considered ideal candidates for thermal energy storage due to their high energy storage density, stable phase transition temperature, low supercooling, and negligible phase separation. However, inherent drawbacks such as low thermal conductivity, liquid leakage, limited light absorption, and lack of functionality have hindered their widespread application in advanced thermal management systems. Herein, we systematically summarize cutting-edge functionalization strategies for PCMs, progressing from conventional methods like thermal conductive particle blending and microencapsulation to the emerging design of 3D porous thermally conductive skeletons, including metal foams, boron nitride aerogels, carbon-based aerogels, and MXene aerogels. These frameworks not only enhance thermal transport via continuous conductive pathways and impart shape stability through capillary encapsulation but also, when integrated with photo-thermal, electro-thermal, and magneto-thermal conversion properties, enable broad applications in solar photo-thermal/photo-thermo-electric conversion, thermal management of electronics and batteries, building efficiency, and wearable thermal regulation. The review further addresses current challenges and future directions, highlighting scalable 3D framework fabrication, the shift to active thermal management, and innovative applications beyond conventional domains. By establishing a microstructure–property–application correlation, this work provides valuable insights for developing next-generation high-performance multifunctional phase change composites.