# Artificial Intelligence-Based Prediction of Compressive Strength in High-Performance Eco-Friendly Concrete Incorporating Recycled Waste Glass

## TL;DR

This paper shows how artificial intelligence can accurately predict the strength of eco-friendly concrete made with recycled glass.

## Contribution

A novel AI model is developed to predict compressive strength of eco-friendly concrete with recycled glass constituents.

## Key findings

- The AI model achieved an R2 score of 0.968 in predicting compressive strength.
- The concrete mix S8-1, A reached strength class C60/75 and high workability.
- Long-term durability was confirmed through microstructural and chemical analyses.

## Abstract

This study investigates the application of artificial intelligence for predicting the compressive strength of a high-performance, eco-efficient engineered cementitious composite (ECC), designated mix S8-1, A. The composite incorporates supplementary cementitious materials and alternative aggregates derived from recycled glass waste. The binder system combines waste glass powder and silica fume, while the aggregate fraction includes recycled cobalt glass. An extensive experimental program involving 14 mixtures tested at 7, 28, 56, 90, and 120 days was performed to establish the reference mechanical and rheological properties. Mix S8-1, A achieved strength class C60/75 and workability corresponding to consistency class S4. To substantiate long-term performance, microstructural and chemical analyses were conducted on specimens preserved since 2011, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results confirmed a stable, densified microstructure, evidencing the long-term durability of the patented ECC formulation. For predictive modeling, a shallow feedforward artificial neural network with three hidden layers was developed and trained on 70 dataset entries representing mixture proportions and curing ages. Model performance was evaluated using cross-validation, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.968, a mean absolute error of 1.96 MPa, and a root mean square error of 2.52 MPa. The results demonstrate that AI-based approaches can accurately predict the compressive strength of high-performance, environmentally sustainable ECCs incorporating recycled glass constituents, supporting both performance optimization and resource-efficient material design.