# Effect of Contact Conditions on Frictional Characteristics of Low-Carbon Deep-Drawn Steel Sheets

## TL;DR

This study examines how contact conditions affect friction in low-carbon steel sheets during forming processes.

## Contribution

The study identifies load force as the main factor affecting friction, using ANOVA and regression modeling.

## Key findings

- Sheet orientation had a minor effect on the coefficient of friction (CoF), with differences less than 0.01.
- Load force was the most significant factor influencing the CoF.
- Friction increased as the average roughness of the countersamples decreased.

## Abstract

Friction in sheet metal forming processes is a key factor determining the material flow behavior and surface quality of products. Controlling friction conditions is crucial for ensuring the stability of the forming process. This article focuses on evaluating the influence of strip sample orientation, tool surface roughness, and contact forces on the coefficient of friction in the strip drawing test. Low-carbon, deep-drawing-quality steel sheets produced by rolling were used as the test material. Due to the complex influence of numerous parameters on the coefficient of friction, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to evaluate the experimental results. A two-factor interaction model was used to analyze the data from the strip drawing test. An adequate precision of approximately 104.74 and coefficients of determination of R2 = 0.9367, an adjusted R2 = 0.9350, and a predicted R2 = 0.9331 indicated that the regression model was sufficiently fitted to provide reliable predictions. It was found that the influence of sheet orientation on the coefficient of friction, under a varying load force, was minor; the difference in the CoF between the two sample orientations did not exceed about 0.01. On the other hand, among all the parameters of the strip drawing test, the load force was the decisive factor affecting the CoF. A trend was observed in which the coefficient of friction increased with a decreasing average roughness of the countersamples and load force.