# Study of TiO2 and Al2O3 Nanoparticles’ Influence on the Variatropic Concrete Properties

## TL;DR

This study shows that adding TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles to concrete improves its strength, reduces water absorption, and increases frost resistance, especially when using certain production methods.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a novel approach to creating variatropic concrete with enhanced properties using combined nanomodification of Al2O3 and TiO2.

## Key findings

- Nanomodified concretes showed up to 20.3% higher compressive strength compared to control samples.
- Water absorption was reduced by up to 29.2% in nanomodified concretes.
- Freeze-thaw resistance improved, with less strength and mass loss in nanomodified samples.

## Abstract

Currently, one of the major trends in the construction industry is the creation of structures with increased strength and durability. The solution is the use of nanomaterials as modifiers for cementitious composites. The aim of this study is to produce concretes with a variable structure modified with a combination of aluminum oxide (NA) and titanium oxide (NT) nanoparticles with improved properties. A variatropic structure is characterized by differences in properties across the cross-section of the material. Concretes were produced using vibration (V), centrifugation (C), and vibrocentrifugation (VC) technologies. Modification was carried out with NA particles from 0% to 4.0% in increments of 1.0% and NT from 0% to 2.0% in increments of 0.5% of the binder mass. Through experimental study, the impact of combined nanomodification on the compressive strength, water absorption, and frost resistance of concrete created with different technologies was investigated. The most effective modification dosages with NA and NT particles were determined to be 2% and 1%. The determination of concrete properties and the statistical processing of experimental results were carried out in accordance with the requirements of standardized methods. Compared to control samples, the maximum compressive strengths for V, C, and VC concretes were 12.4%, 17.5%, and 20.3% higher, reaching 48.9 MPa, 58.4 MPa, and 62.9 MPa, respectively. The lowest water absorptions for V, C, and VC concretes were 5.21%, 4.24%, and 3.76%, which are 18.5%, 24.4%, and 29.2% lower than those of the control samples. After a series of freeze–thaw cycles—6 for V, 8 for C, and 10 for VC—the losses in compressive strength and mass of the nanomodified composites were less than those of the control samples, indicating an increase in the frost resistance of concrete. The influence of concrete production technology on the effect of nanomodification with NA and NT particles was proven. Nanomodified C and VC concretes have improved physical and mechanical properties compared to V concretes. Nanomodified concretes with a variable structure have a more organized microstructure with a greater number of clusters of calcium silicate hydroxides. The resulting variable-structure concrete has improved properties and can be used to manufacture columns, piles, and transmission line supports.