# Understanding Mechanical Properties of Nothofagus alpina (Poepp. & Endl.) Oerst. Wood Through Controlled Freeze–Heat Treatments: Linking Physical, Chemical, and Structural Changes

## TL;DR

This study explores how extreme temperatures affect the properties of raulí wood, finding that controlled heat treatments can significantly enhance its mechanical strength.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is demonstrating how controlled freeze-heat treatments can improve mechanical properties of Nothofagus alpina wood through physical and chemical changes.

## Key findings

- Moisture content decreased significantly at temperatures above 5°C but increased slightly at -20°C after 60 days.
- Color changes were minimal at low temperatures but significant at 120°C, indicating cell wall polymer degradation.
- Heat treatments at 120°C for 60 days improved modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and fracture energy by up to 118%.

## Abstract

Wood is a versatile material; however, it is susceptible to changes when exposed to extreme temperatures. This study investigated the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of raulí (Nothofagus alpina) under different thermal stress conditions. The results showed that the moisture content at temperatures below 5 °C exhibited a significant reduction from 9.7% to 7.5% within the first 20 days. Conversely, under extreme cold (−20 °C), significant changes only occurred after 60 days, with an increase from 9.7% to 11%. At higher temperatures (50 °C, 95 °C, and 120 °C), moisture content dropped sharply after 40 days, nearing 0%. Additionally, analysis showed minor color changes in samples at low temperatures: RW2 (20 d; 5 °C, ΔE* = 3.46) and RW7 (40 d; 5 °C, ΔE* = 0.61); however, color changes were observed at higher temperatures (95–120 °C). RW15 (60 d; 120 °C, ΔE* = 37.16), indicating the degradation of cell wall polymers. Mechanical testing using three-point bending demonstrated that controlled heat treatments can improve the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and fracture energy. The most significant improvements were obtained at 120 °C for 60 days, with increases in MOE, MOR, and fracture energy of 22%, 60%, and 118%, respectively, compared to untreated wood.