# Effects of Compositional Ratio of Ti-Al-C on Formation of Ti2AlC by Self-Sustaining Combustion Synthesis

## TL;DR

Researchers studied how changing the ratios of titanium, aluminum, and carbon affects the formation of Ti2AlC through a combustion process.

## Contribution

The study reveals how varying Ti-Al-C ratios influences combustion behavior and product composition during Ti2AlC synthesis.

## Key findings

- Excess aluminum and deficient carbon improve Ti2AlC yield by forming intermediate phases like TiAl and TiC.
- The optimal composition of 91.9% Ti2AlC was achieved with Ti:Al:C = 2:1.2:0.9.
- Ti2AlC grains formed thin platelets with a laminated microstructure typical of MAX phases.

## Abstract

The formation of Ti2AlC was investigated by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from the elemental Ti-Al-C powder compacts. The compositional ratios of Ti:Al:C varied from 2:1:1 to 2:1.2:0.8 to explore the effects of deficient carbon and excess Al on the combustion kinetics and product formation. For the Ti-Al-C powder compacts, self-sustaining combustion featuring a distinct combustion wave was readily achieved upon ignition. Excess Al caused a decrease in combustion temperature and flame-front velocity, while deficient carbon showed relatively little influence. The synthesized product from the sample with an exact stoichiometry of Ti:Al:C = 2:1:1 was composed of 79.5 wt.% Ti2AlC, 9.8 wt. Ti3AlC2, 10.7 wt.% TiC, and a small amount of Ti3AlC. The addition of excess Al by 20 at.% not only increased the yield of Ti2AlC but avoided the formation of Ti3AlC. A reduction of carbon further improved the evolution of Ti2AlC. The sample with an off-stoichiometric proportion of Ti:Al:C = 2:1.2:0.9 yielded the optimum product composition of 91.9 wt.% Ti2AlC, 4.2 wt.% Ti3AlC2, and 3.9 wt.% TiC. This was attributed to the fact that excess Al and deficient carbon facilitated the formation of TiAl and sub-stoichiometric TiC, both of which acted as the intermediate phases to combine into Ti2AlC. The as-synthesized Ti2AlC grains were in the shape of thin platelets with a size of 4–8 μm and a thickness of about 1.0 μm. A laminated microstructure formed by closely stacked platelets is typical of the MAX carbide.