# Biomechanical Principles and Techniques—A Systematization for Sport Climbing

## TL;DR

This paper standardizes sport climbing terminology using sports science to improve research, training, and injury prevention.

## Contribution

It introduces a unified framework of biomechanical principles and climbing techniques for the first time.

## Key findings

- Five primary climbing principles are proposed to maximize movement efficiency.
- Two technique categories—frontal and rotational—are defined based on body positioning.
- A three-phase model of acyclic movements is applied to describe climbing techniques.

## Abstract

Background: Sport climbing, encompassing lead, bouldering, and speed disciplines, has transformed from a niche activity to a widely popular trend, notably after its Olympic debut at the Tokyo Games 2021. This recognition spurred an increase in publications. Despite the emerging scientific interest, terminology in climbing textbooks often relies on experiential rather than scientific understanding, leading to inconsistencies. This paper aims to standardize terminology by applying sports science frameworks, including biomechanics, training science, and sports medicine. Methods: The study reinterprets general sports science concepts for climbing-specific applications, proposing a structure of climbing skill that covers physical fitness components, biomechanical principles and techniques (body positioning), and specific components (hand and foot positioning). This integrated approach seeks to establish a coherent nomenclature, facilitating research, training, prevention, and rehabilitation within the climbing discipline. Results: Five primary climbing principles are proposed: optimal wall contact, maintained stability, center of mass shift, movement initiation from the legs and optimal climbing speed. Two technique categories—frontal and rotational—are defined in consideration of the spatial position of the pelvic frontal plane in relation to the wall surface. Each climbing technique can be described by applying the three-phase model of acyclic movements. Principles and techniques both aim to maximize efficiency in moving and resting on the climbing wall. Conclusions: A unified understanding of climbing principles and techniques is vital for progressing research, training programs, prevention strategies, and rehabilitation efforts in sport climbing. Adopting a comprehensive sports science framework promises enhanced clarity and efficacy in climbing practices, benefiting both theoretical analyses and practical applications.