# Existing and Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Lowering Lipoprotein(a) Levels: An Update

## TL;DR

This paper reviews current and emerging therapies for lowering Lp(a), a genetic risk factor for heart disease, with a focus on new drugs in late-stage development.

## Contribution

The paper provides an updated overview of novel therapeutic strategies targeting Lp(a), including agents in advanced clinical trials.

## Key findings

- Traditional therapies like niacin and PCSK9 inhibitors have limited impact on Lp(a) levels.
- Emerging therapies such as antisense oligonucleotides and RNA interference show promise in reducing Lp(a).
- Orally administered agents in late-phase trials may transform future cardiovascular treatment.

## Abstract

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a low-density lipoprotein-like particle that contains a unique apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] component covalently bound to apolipoprotein B-100. Elevated levels of Lp(a) have been identified as a well-established and genetically determined risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease, stroke, and calcific aortic valve stenosis. In contrast to other lipids, Lp(a) concentrations are minimally influenced by lifestyle or traditional lipid-lowering therapies, emphasizing the necessity for novel treatment approaches. This narrative review summarizes current and emerging therapeutic strategies for reducing Lp(a) levels. Such strategies include traditional agents such as niacin and PCSK9 inhibitors, as well as innovative therapies such as antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference-based molecules, and small-molecule inhibitors. The mechanisms of action of these agents, in addition to clinical trial data and their capacity to modify cardiovascular outcomes, are explored in further detail. Furthermore, the current status of clinical guidelines and the evolving role of Lp(a)-targeted therapies in cardiovascular risk stratification are reviewed. A particular emphasis is placed on therapies that are in the advanced stages of clinical development. These include late-phase outcome trials and orally administered agents, which have the potential to significantly impact future clinical practice. The integration of mechanistic data with ongoing and completed clinical studies has been undertaken in order to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the therapeutic potential of Lp(a) in the context of cardiovascular prevention.