# Neurological Complications in Children with Moyamoya Disease—Case Report and Literature Review

## TL;DR

This paper reports on a child with Moyamoya disease who experienced long-term neurological and psychiatric complications, highlighting the need for comprehensive care beyond stroke management.

## Contribution

The study provides a longitudinal case report of a Caucasian pediatric MMD patient, emphasizing evolving non-ischemic neurological and psychiatric complications.

## Key findings

- The patient developed epilepsy, headaches, and cognitive impairment despite stable vascular imaging.
- Anxiety and panic disorder emerged in late follow-up, requiring psychological and pharmacological intervention.
- Long-term multidisciplinary care improved neurological stability and quality of life.

## Abstract

Background: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare, progressive cerebrovascular arteriopathy characterized by stenosis and occlusion of the distal internal carotid arteries with the development of compensatory collateral networks. In children, MMD is a major cause of ischemic stroke; however, neurological morbidity frequently extends beyond cerebrovascular events to include epilepsy, headache, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric manifestations. Data regarding the long-term evolution of these complications in Caucasian pediatric patients remains limited. Case Report: We present the longitudinal case of a Caucasian female diagnosed with advanced MMD after an ischemic stroke at the age of 7 years, followed by indirect surgical revascularization (encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis) and chronic antiplatelet therapy. Four years later, she developed recurrent focal aware sensory–motor seizures associated with chronic post-ischemic cortical injury. Despite stable vascular imaging and absence of recurrent infarction, the patient experienced persistent neurological sequelae, including residual spastic hemiparesis, episodic tension-type headaches, and evolving neuropsychological complications. Cognitive assessment initially suggested mild neurocognitive impairment, with subsequent improvement during adolescence. In late follow-up, prominent anxiety symptoms emerged, and psychiatric evaluation confirmed panic disorder requiring psychological and pharmacological support. The patient remained neurologically stable into adulthood under continued multidisciplinary care. This case illustrates the broad spectrum of neurological and psychiatric complications that may accompany pediatric MMD, even in the absence of new ischemic events. The accompanying literature review emphasizes that epilepsy, headache, cognitive dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders represent clinically significant components of the long-term disease burden in children with MMD. Conclusions: Pediatric moyamoya disease should be regarded not only as a cause of childhood stroke, but also as a chronic condition with long-term epileptic, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae that may evolve independently of recurrent ischemic injury. By providing longitudinal follow-up from childhood into adulthood in a Caucasian patient, this report underscores the importance of integrating neuropsychological and psychiatric surveillance into standard care pathways, alongside vascular and surgical management, to better address the full spectrum of morbidity and improve quality of life.