# Mitochondrial DNA Modification in Assisted Reproduction: Concept to Practice—A Narrative Review

## TL;DR

This paper reviews mitochondrial replacement therapy, a technique to prevent inherited mitochondrial diseases in offspring.

## Contribution

The paper provides a narrative review of mitochondrial DNA modification in assisted reproduction, including ethical considerations.

## Key findings

- Mitochondrial replacement therapy can prevent transmission of pathogenic mtDNA.
- Recent reports show successful MRT in humans.
- Ethical and long-term safety concerns remain unresolved.

## Abstract

Mitochondria play a fundamental role in human reproduction by supplying the energy required for key early reproductive processes. As mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) is maternally inherited, pathogenic mutations can lead to multisystem disorders that are transmitted to offspring. Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) has emerged as a promising assisted reproductive approach to prevent the transmission of pathogenic mtDNA by replacing defective mitochondria with healthy donor mitochondria. There have been recent reports of successful MRT in humans. However, MRT remains a relatively new procedure and needs further experiments to establish its long-term safety and effectiveness. Overall, mitochondrial replacement therapy holds significant promise in helping families build healthier futures. This review explores the evolution of mitochondrial DNA modification in reproductive cells and addresses the associated ethical considerations, including acceptable clinical indications, reproductive choices, and long-term considerations for affected children.