# Tribological Performance of CAM-Processed Interim Dental Restoration Materials: Effects of 3D Printing, Milling, and Post-Processing on Wear and Surface Topography

## TL;DR

This study evaluates how 3D printing and milling affect the wear and surface quality of dental restoration materials, finding that printed resins perform better with optimized post-processing.

## Contribution

The study introduces a comprehensive tribological analysis of CAM-processed dental materials, linking wear behavior to manufacturing and post-processing methods.

## Key findings

- 3D-printed resins showed lower wear compared to milled materials.
- Optimized post-processing, especially prolonged post-curing, improves wear resistance and surface topography.
- Hardness is a primary factor in wear performance, with nanoroughness playing a secondary role.

## Abstract

In order to provide clinically significant evidence on the long-term functional performance of CAD/CAM provisional materials, especially 3D-printed and milled resins, accurate tribologically in vitro wear tests that integrate wear parameters and surface topography analysis are necessary. The goal of the study was to assess the wear resistance of several CAM-obtained dental crown materials and the relationship between wear and the manufacturing process, distinctive postprocessing, microhardness, microroughness, and surface topography. A standardized ball-on-flat tribological protocol was applied to (n = 70) CAD/CAM-fabricated PMMA specimens (four 3D-printed groups with distinct post-processing protocols (Optiprint) and three milled materials (TelioCAD, Shaded PMMA, Copra Temp Symphony)) to quantify wear parameters micro- and nanoroughness (Ra, Rz, Sa, Sy), and Vickers microhardness, followed by comprehensive statistical analysis (t-tests, Pearson correlations) to elucidate material- and process-dependent differences in wear behaviour. Nanoroughness was carried using atomic force microscopy evaluation. Wear testing showed that most materials, particularly the 3D-printed groups, developed limited wear, whereas the milled materials evolved toward groove-dominated wear topographies. Wear statistics showed that the printed resins consistently had an advantage, meaning that the degree and rate of wear are significantly influenced by the manufacturing process. Hardness has a central role in governing the wear performance of interim resin materials, while nanoroughness acts as a secondary factor. Optimised post-processing of printed materials, particularly a prolonged post-curing period, yields a beneficial combination of low wear and specific topography, thereby providing a significant clinical advantage.