# The Black Fig Fly, Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae): Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs for an Invasive Pest of Fig Production

## TL;DR

This paper reviews what is known about the black fig fly, an invasive pest affecting fig crops, and highlights research needed to manage it effectively.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge and identifies key research priorities for managing Silba adipata.

## Key findings

- Current knowledge of Silba adipata is limited and fragmented across sources.
- Effective management strategies require better understanding of its biology and accurate identification.
- Existing control methods have limitations and need improvement for sustainable pest management.

## Abstract

Silba adipata has recently emerged as an economically important pest of fig crops in several regions outside its native distribution. Current knowledge of this species remains limited and scattered across diverse sources. In this review, we synthesize the available information on S. adipata with the aim of providing an integrated overview of its status as an agricultural pest. We summarize its geographical distribution, its spread beyond its presumed area of origin and examine current knowledge of the biology, ecology, and behavioral traits of S. adipata that are relevant to its interaction with fig production systems. Existing management and control strategies are reviewed, including cultural, chemical and biorrational approaches, highlighting their strengths and limitations. We identify key knowledge gaps and research priorities that must be addressed to improve the development of effective, sustainable, and biorational management strategies for this invasive pest.

The presence of Silba adipata in countries outside its native range has raised increasing concern among fig (Ficus carica L.) producers due to its growing economic importance. Information on this lonchaeid remains scarce and is frequently fragmented across regional reports, technical documents, and isolated scientific studies. The lack of consolidated and reliable knowledge on S. adipata, together with its sporadic impacts on figs and frequent confusion with closely related species, has hindered the development of effective and sustainable management strategies. Here, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current geographic distribution of S. adipata and its expansion into new areas, addressing diagnostic aspects and potential misidentifications reported in the literature that have the potential to confound distribution records and assessments of its pest status. We critically review current knowledge of the biology, ecology, and behavior of S. adipata, together with existing and emerging management and control approaches, including cultural practices, monitoring tools, mass trapping strategies, and biological- and chemical-based tactics. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are discussed in the context of their applicability to fig production systems. Advancing the management of S. adipata requires not only accurate species identification and evaluation of conventional control methods, but also a deeper understanding of its ecology and sexual behavior. Addressing these knowledge gaps will be essential for the development of innovative, effective, and environmentally sustainable management strategies for this emerging pest.