# Inflammatory Biomarkers and Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 and Pre-Existing Heart Failure: A Single-Center Cohort Study

## TL;DR

This study finds that hospitalized patients with heart failure and COVID-19 face higher mortality and that inflammation, especially IL-6, plays a key role in their poor outcomes.

## Contribution

The study identifies IL-6 as an independent predictor of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with pre-existing heart failure.

## Key findings

- Patients with pre-existing heart failure had higher in-hospital mortality compared to those without.
- IL-6 remained an independent predictor of mortality after adjusting for other factors.
- Elevated IL-6 and procalcitonin levels were linked to increased risk of sepsis.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Patients with pre-existing heart failure (HF) represent a clinically vulnerable population with increased susceptibility to adverse outcomes during acute systemic illnesses, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Systemic inflammation is increasingly recognized as a central pathophysiological mechanism linking cardiovascular vulnerability with infection-related organ dysfunction. However, the prognostic role of inflammatory biomarkers in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with pre-existing HF remains incompletely defined. This study aimed to evaluate the association between inflammatory biomarkers and clinical outcomes in this high-risk population. Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study included 395 consecutive adult patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2024 at a tertiary referral center. Pre-existing HF was documented in 143 patients (36.2%). Inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin, and D-dimer, were measured at admission. The primary outcomes were development of sepsis and in-hospital mortality. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to identify independent predictors of adverse outcomes after adjustment for demographic characteristics, comorbidities, disease severity, and cardiac biomarkers. Results: Patients with pre-existing HF had significantly higher in-hospital mortality compared with those without HF (11.9% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.016) and showed a trend toward increased intensive care unit admission. HF patients exhibited higher admission IL-6 levels, indicating enhanced inflammatory activation. In univariable analysis, HF was associated with mortality (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.22–5.83, p = 0.014). After multivariable adjustment, the association between HF and mortality was attenuated, whereas IL-6 remained an independent predictor of mortality (adjusted OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.04–1.82, p = 0.021). Elevated IL-6 and procalcitonin levels were also independently associated with sepsis development. Conclusions: Pre-existing heart failure identifies a population at increased risk of adverse outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and this excess risk appears to be partly mediated by systemic inflammatory activation. Interleukin-6 emerged as a key biomarker linking cardiovascular vulnerability, immune dysregulation, and clinical deterioration. These findings support the potential role of inflammation-based risk stratification to improve prognostic assessment and guide personalized management in high-risk patients with underlying cardiovascular disease.