Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Predicts Pacemaker-Associated Cardiomyopathy with Substantial LVEF Deterioration: Results from a Single-Center Cohort Study in Germany

TL;DR

This study shows that a specific heart function measure, LV-GLS, can predict future heart failure in patients with pacemakers.

Contribution

The study identifies LV-GLS as a novel early predictor of pacemaker-induced heart function decline.

Findings

High right ventricular pacing burden is linked to greater deterioration in LVEF and LV-GLS.

Early LV-GLS decline within one year predicts subsequent LVEF deterioration.

LV-GLS decline of >10% is an early and sensitive marker for progressive ventricular dysfunction.

Abstract

Background and Aims: Permanent pacemaker (PM) implantation is an established treatment for symptomatic bradycardia. However, chronic right ventricular pacing (RVP) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony, leading to pacing-induced cardiomyopathy (PICM). Prognostic markers for identifying patients at high risk of PICM remain scarce. This study compares patients with low (<30%) and high (≥30%) RVP burden with respect to echocardiographic parameters and clinical outcomes. Methods: This retrospective, double-blinded, single-center study included 105 patients who underwent dual-chamber PM implantation. RVP burden, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS), and all-cause mortality were assessed to evaluate the impact of RVP on LV function and clinical outcomes. Results: At baseline, the mean LVEF was 61 ± 6% and LV-GLS was 18 ± 4%. LVEF declined in seven patients (6.7%) during a mean follow-up of 30 ± 14 months, with a mean reduction from 56.1 ± 4.9% to 40.1 ± 5.0% (median 55% to 41%), thereby fulfilling the prespecified PICM definition (≥10% decrease from baseline >50%, excluding alternative causes). Of the 105 patients, 58 (55%) were classified into the low RVP group (<30%) and 47 (45%) into the high VP group (≥30%). High VP burden was associated with deterioration in both LVEF (6/47 [13%] vs. 1/58 [2%], p < 0.05) and LV-GLS (28/47 [60%] vs. 16/58 [28%], p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, baseline LV-GLS was significantly associated with subsequent LVEF decline (OR 1.410, 95% CI 1.201–1.610, p < 0.001), and high VP burden was linked to LV-GLS decline (OR 1.358, 95% CI 1.160–1.534, p < 0.01). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that time to LVEF deterioration (7 events) was significantly shorter in the high VP burden group (45.2 ± 2.9 vs. 55.7 ± 1.0 months, p < 0.05). Early LV-GLS decline within 1 year predicted subsequent LVEF deterioration (HR 7.210, 95% CI 4.239–9.516, p < 0.05), with a significantly shorter time to LVEF deterioration in these patients (34.7 ± 4.2 vs. 53.7 ± 1.4 months, p < 0.001). All-cause mortality did not differ significantly between high and low VP burden groups (p = 0.2). Conclusions: In patients with normal preimplant LVEF and ≥30% RVP, LV-GLS decline of >10% from baseline serves as an early and sensitive marker for subsequent LVEF deterioration and is associated with adverse outcomes. Early LV-GLS monitoring may help identify patients at higher risk for progressive ventricular dysfunction.

Figures