# Developmental and Socioeconomic Gradients in Perceived Mental Health and Mood Disorder Risk Among Children and Adolescents: A Population-Based Parent-Report Study

## TL;DR

This study explores how mental health and mood disorder risks in children and adolescents vary with age and socioeconomic factors, based on parental reports.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific developmental and socioeconomic gradients in perceived mental health and mood disorder risk using a population-based parent-report approach.

## Key findings

- Perceived mental health declines with increasing age among children and adolescents.
- Family financial situation is the strongest socioeconomic factor linked to mental health outcomes.
- Symptoms like fatigue, sleep disturbance, and concentration difficulties are commonly reported.

## Abstract

Background: Mental health problems in childhood and adolescence constitute a major public health concern, influencing developmental trajectories, educational outcomes, and long-term well-being. This study aimed to assess developmental and socioeconomic gradients in perceived mental health and mood disorder risk among children and adolescents, integrating parental evaluations, symptom-related indicators, and sociodemographic correlates. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1177 parents or legal guardians of children aged 6–18 years in Poland. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire assessing perceived physical and mental health, socioeconomic characteristics, and seven symptom-based items aligned with the Children’s Depression Inventory 2 (CDI-2) diagnostic framework. Nonparametric tests (χ2, Spearman’s ρ, Kruskal–Wallis H) were applied to examine age-related differences and socioeconomic gradients in perceived mental health and mood disorder risk. Results: Parental evaluations indicated a consistent discrepancy between physical and mental health, with psychological well-being rated less favorably and exhibiting greater variability. Both perceived mental health and mood disorder risk showed strong age-related differentiation, revealing declining scores with increasing age (ρ < 0, p < 0.001). Family financial situation demonstrated the strongest association with mental health outcomes (H = 71.39, p < 0.001), while parental occupational status exerted moderate effects and educational attainment showed no significant influence. Concentration difficulties, affective distress, and somatic symptoms such as fatigue and sleep disturbance were commonly reported. Conclusions: Findings indicate that child and adolescent mental health is shaped by interacting developmental and socioeconomic determinants. Adolescence and financial disadvantage represent key vulnerability factors associated with poorer psychological outcomes. The results highlight the need for developmentally targeted and socially equitable mental health strategies within pediatric and preventive healthcare systems.