# Genomic Features and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Listeria innocua Isolated from Raw Drinking Milk in Poland

## TL;DR

This study analyzes Listeria innocua from raw milk in Poland, revealing genomic traits linked to virulence and antimicrobial resistance.

## Contribution

The study identifies ST492 L. innocua isolates with unique genomic features and antimicrobial resistance markers not previously well characterized.

## Key findings

- All isolates belonged to sequence type ST492 and carried 80 virulence-associated genes including LIPI-3 and LIPI-4.
- Antimicrobial resistance genes fosX, lin, norB, sul, and multidrug efflux pumps were detected.
- Isolates were phenotypically susceptible to several antibiotics despite resistance gene presence.

## Abstract

Listeria innocua is a bacterium frequently detected in food and food production plants (FPPs). Understanding the heterogeneity of L. innocua food isolates is essential for predicting potential food safety threats and developing preventive and control measures. This study aimed to characterize L. innocua isolated from raw drinking milk by investigating the genomic features related to virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and persistence using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), along with phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. All ten isolates analyzed in this study belonged to sequence type (ST) 492 and were distantly related to the reference strain. A total of 80 virulence-associated genes were identified, including the complete Listeria Pathogenicity Islands-3 (LIPI-3) and LIPI-4 clusters typically found in virulent L. monocytogenes clones, as well as 66 additional genes involved in adhesion, invasion, motility, post-translational modification, regulation, immune modulation, and stress survival. Stress survival islet 2 (SSI-2) and genes encoding the Clp protease complex (clpC, clpE, clpP), which support both persistence and virulence, were also detected, whereas LIPI-1 and internalin genes were not detected. The antimicrobial resistance determinants included fosX, lin, norB, sul, and three multidrug efflux pumps (lde, mdrL and mdrM). Mobile genetic elements (plasmids, prophages, or transposons) were not detected. All isolates were phenotypically susceptible to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, meropenem, erythromycin, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing genomic surveillance of L. innocua in food environments and highlight the need to assess the potential risk posed by specific lineages, such as ST492, to food safety.