# A Candidate EEG Spectral Index of Internally Oriented Attention: An Exploratory Comparison of Prayer and Relaxation

## TL;DR

The study introduces a new EEG-based index to measure internally focused attention and finds that prayer and relaxation have distinct brain activity patterns.

## Contribution

A novel EEG-derived Transcendence Index is proposed as a proxy for internally oriented attention and reflective self-processing.

## Key findings

- Higher Transcendence Index (TI) correlates with theta–alpha EEG activity and lower beta activity, indicating internal focus.
- Prayer and relaxation show distinct EEG patterns, suggesting prayer involves unique internal-focus processes.
- The Transcendence Index can be computed from portable EEG and may complement self-report measures.

## Abstract

What are the main findings?
A candidate EEG-derived Transcendence Index (TI), computed as the relative balance of theta–alpha versus beta activity, was systematically associated with oscillatory patterns consistent with internally oriented attention and reflective self-processing (strongest and most stable effects found in theta–alpha; beta tended to be lower).Prayer and Relaxation (eyes-closed) showed descriptively distinct oscillatory patterns, suggesting that prayer engages internal-focus processes that may not be fully captured by relaxation alone.

A candidate EEG-derived Transcendence Index (TI), computed as the relative balance of theta–alpha versus beta activity, was systematically associated with oscillatory patterns consistent with internally oriented attention and reflective self-processing (strongest and most stable effects found in theta–alpha; beta tended to be lower).

Prayer and Relaxation (eyes-closed) showed descriptively distinct oscillatory patterns, suggesting that prayer engages internal-focus processes that may not be fully captured by relaxation alone.

What are the implications of the main findings?
TI offers a reproducible, computation-light EEG spectral index that can be derived from portable/low-density recordings and may complement self-report measures by providing an objective proxy of internal-orientation dynamics.Treating Prayer and Relaxation as interchangeable internal-focus conditions may be methodologically misleading; comparative designs should model them as distinct states when studying internally oriented neurodynamics and value-laden reflection.

TI offers a reproducible, computation-light EEG spectral index that can be derived from portable/low-density recordings and may complement self-report measures by providing an objective proxy of internal-orientation dynamics.

Treating Prayer and Relaxation as interchangeable internal-focus conditions may be methodologically misleading; comparative designs should model them as distinct states when studying internally oriented neurodynamics and value-laden reflection.

Background: Self-transcendence has been described in psychological literature as an orientation toward meaning beyond the individual self. However, because the present study does not directly measure transcendence as a psychological construct, we approach it cautiously as a candidate form of internally oriented attention, operationalized through EEG spectral dynamics. Although this construct has been linked to self-referential cognition and large-scale brain systems supporting internal mentation, electrophysiological evidence remains limited, especially in designs that compare spiritually oriented practices with non-spiritual internal-focus controls. Objective: We examined whether a candidate EEG-derived Transcendence Index (TI) is associated with EEG oscillatory activity across canonical frequency bands and whether prayer and relaxation show descriptively distinct oscillatory patterns. Methods: In a within-subject design, participants completed a psychological assessment battery including personality and anxiety measures and underwent EEG recording during two eyes-closed conditions (Prayer vs. Relaxation). Spectral power features were extracted for delta, theta, alpha (low/high), beta (low/high), and gamma (low/high, where signal quality permitted). We examined associations between TI and band-limited activity and explored condition-related oscillatory patterns across Prayer and Relaxation. Given the modest sample size (N = 39), the study was designed and interpreted as exploratory research. Results: Higher TI was associated with an oscillatory profile consistent with internally oriented attention and reflective self-processing, with the most consistent patterns observed in theta–alpha dynamics (and comparatively lower beta contribution). In addition, Prayer and Relaxation showed descriptively distinct oscillatory patterns, suggesting that prayer engages internal-focus processes that may not be fully captured by relaxation alone. Conclusions: These findings support the feasibility of examining internally oriented attentional dynamics potentially related to “transcendence” as a candidate construct through scalp EEG spectral activity. Integrating theory-informed indices with EEG features may help refine psychophysiological models of self-transcendence and inform digitally supported assessment approaches, pending further construct validation. These findings should therefore be interpreted as exploratory preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility of EEG-based indices of internally oriented attention.