# Intraoperative Low-Dose Methadone for Pediatric Posterior Spinal Fusion: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

## TL;DR

Low-dose methadone during pediatric spinal fusion surgery provides similar pain control as standard methods but does not reduce opioid use or hospital stay.

## Contribution

Demonstrates that low-dose methadone is a feasible pain management option without prolonging recovery in pediatric spinal fusion.

## Key findings

- Methadone group had higher opioid use on the first postoperative day but similar pain scores and hospital stay as the control group.
- No significant opioid-sparing effect was observed with methadone in this real-world pediatric spinal fusion cohort.
- Study highlights the need for prospective trials to better define methadone's role and safety in pediatric surgery.

## Abstract

What are the main findings?
•In a 339-patient retrospective pediatric posterior spinal fusion cohort, perioperative low-dose methadone achieved pain control comparable to standard regimens, with similar pain scores across POD 0–3.•Opioid use was higher on POD 0 in the methadone group but not different on POD 1–3; hospital length of stay was unchanged.

In a 339-patient retrospective pediatric posterior spinal fusion cohort, perioperative low-dose methadone achieved pain control comparable to standard regimens, with similar pain scores across POD 0–3.

Opioid use was higher on POD 0 in the methadone group but not different on POD 1–3; hospital length of stay was unchanged.

What are the implications of the main findings?
•Low-dose methadone is a feasible multimodal adjunct for pediatric PSF, providing stable analgesia without prolonging recovery or hospitalization.•Variation in dosing and timing likely affected opioid outcomes, supporting the need for prospective, protocolized ERAS-based studies.

Low-dose methadone is a feasible multimodal adjunct for pediatric PSF, providing stable analgesia without prolonging recovery or hospitalization.

Variation in dosing and timing likely affected opioid outcomes, supporting the need for prospective, protocolized ERAS-based studies.

Background: Posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis causes significant postoperative pain and high opioid requirements. Methadone, with dual μ- and κ-opioid agonism and NMDA antagonism, provides long-acting analgesia and may reduce perioperative opioid use. This study evaluated whether perioperative low-dose methadone (0.1 mg/kg) improves postoperative pain and opioid outcomes after pediatric PSF. Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort study (January 2019–June 2023), pediatric patients <23 years old undergoing PSF were categorized by perioperative methadone exposure (intraoperative and/or postoperative) versus no methadone. The primary outcome was total postoperative opioid consumption (morphine milligram equivalents per kilogram, MME/kg) over postoperative days (POD) 0–3. Secondary outcomes were average daily pain scores and hospital length of stay (LOS). Inverse probability weighting (IPW) adjusted for age, sex, and protocol period. Results: A total of 339 patients (51% no methadone, 49% methadone; mean age 14.6 ± 2.5 years; 76% female) were analyzed. Methadone patients had longer anesthesia (392 vs. 372 min, p = 0.042) and surgery times (287 vs. 266 min, p = 0.01). IPW-adjusted associations show postoperative opioid use was significantly higher in the methadone group on POD 0 (median 2.5 vs. 2.1 MME/kg in no methadone group; p = 0.005). No significant differences were found in postoperative average pain scores (e.g., mean NRS: 2.3 vs. 2.5 on POD 0, p = 0.12) and LOS (3.3 vs. 3.1 days, p = 0.38) between methadone group and no methadone group. Discussion: Perioperative methadone provided similar analgesia for pain management and recovery without prolonging hospitalization, despite higher early opioid use on POD 0. Retrospective design limits causal inference, and residual confounding may persist despite propensity score-based adjustments. Further prospective trials are required to establish safety and dosing. Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort, perioperative low-dose methadone was associated with higher early postoperative opioid use but no significant differences in pain scores or length of stay compared with standard regimens. Methadone did not demonstrate an opioid-sparing effect in this real-world setting. Prospective studies are needed to better define its role and safety in pediatric posterior spinal fusion.