# Bacteriophage Therapy Against Shigella spp.: A Precision Antimicrobial Strategy

## TL;DR

Bacteriophage therapy offers a targeted treatment for Shigella infections, avoiding gut microbiota disruption caused by traditional antibiotics.

## Contribution

This paper reviews the potential of bacteriophage therapy as a precision antimicrobial strategy for Shigella spp., highlighting preclinical and clinical evidence.

## Key findings

- Bacteriophage therapy shows strain-level specificity and preserves gut microbiota in treating Shigella.
- Phase 1 clinical trials demonstrate favorable safety profiles for Shigella-specific phage cocktails.
- Challenges include immune interactions, phage resistance, and the need for standardized susceptibility testing.

## Abstract

Shigellosis remains a significant global cause of infectious colitis, increasingly complicated by multidrug-resistant strains and the microbiota-disrupting effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although conventional antimicrobial therapy can reduce symptom duration and bacterial shedding, it also contributes to gut dysbiosis, loss of colonization resistance, and further selection for antimicrobial resistance. These challenges have renewed interest in precision antimicrobial strategies, particularly bacteriophage therapy, which provides strain-level specificity and preserves the gut microbiota. This narrative review evaluates the biological rationale, preclinical and early clinical evidence, safety considerations, and translational challenges associated with bacteriophage therapy targeting Shigella spp. The historical development and mechanistic basis of phage therapy are summarized, with emphasis on the advantages of obligately lytic phages, receptor-specific targeting, self-amplification at infection sites, and activity against both planktonic and biofilm-associated bacteria. Recent microbiota research indicates that shigellosis is closely associated with early and persistent disruption of gut ecology, including depletion of short-chain fatty acids-producing taxa and reduced microbial resilience. Phage-based approaches may reduce pathogen burden while preserving beneficial microbial communities. Evidence from in vitro systems, animal models, human intestinal organoids, and a Phase 1 clinical trial demonstrates targeted efficacy and favorable safety profiles for Shigella-specific phages and phage cocktails. Major barriers to clinical adoption include immune interactions, phage resistance dynamics, genomic safety screening, regulatory classification, and the need for standardized susceptibility testing. Future directions emphasize the development of personalized phage therapy platforms that integrate rapid diagnostics, phage libraries, metagenomics, and artificial intelligence-assisted matching to enable scalable, precision treatment.