# Syntactic Processing in the Aging Brain: Neural Reorganization, Cognitive Scaffolding, and Implications for Language Resilience

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how the aging brain maintains language resilience during syntactic processing through neural reorganization and cognitive scaffolding.

## Contribution

The paper introduces the Graded Compensation and Cognitive Scaffolding (GCCS) model to explain language resilience in aging.

## Key findings

- The core left-lateralized frontotemporal language network remains resilient in older adults.
- Age-related changes in functional connectivity are heterogeneous, with both reductions and preservation observed.
- Older adults increasingly engage domain-general cognitive control regions under high cognitive loads.

## Abstract

What are the main findings?
The core left-lateralized frontotemporal language network remains resilient in older adults.Age-related change is reflected in heterogeneous network connectivity and increased engagement of non-core regions.

The core left-lateralized frontotemporal language network remains resilient in older adults.

Age-related change is reflected in heterogeneous network connectivity and increased engagement of non-core regions.

What are the implications of the main findings?
Language resilience is maintained through a graded and condition-dependent adaptation of neural resources.Distinguishing domain-specific compensation from domain-general scaffolding is critical for interpreting neural reorganization.

Language resilience is maintained through a graded and condition-dependent adaptation of neural resources.

Distinguishing domain-specific compensation from domain-general scaffolding is critical for interpreting neural reorganization.

Objectives: Although behavioral studies suggest that syntactic comprehension is relatively preserved in healthy aging, the underlying neural mechanisms remain a subject of intense debate. This review aims to synthesize neuroimaging and electrophysiological evidence to clarify how the aging brain reorganizes to maintain language resilience. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases such as PubMed and Web of Science. Twenty-three relevant empirical studies meeting our inclusion criteria were identified. The synthesis focused on regional activation patterns, functional connectivity, and temporal dynamics during syntactic processing in older adults compared to younger controls. Results: The review revealed four key findings. First, the core left-lateralized frontotemporal language network remains resilient during syntactic processing in older adults. Second, age-related changes in functional connectivity within the core network are heterogeneous, with evidence for both reduction and preservation. Third, right-hemisphere homologues are increasingly recruited, but its functional significance is condition-dependent, serving both compensatory and non-compensatory roles. Fourth, older adults increasingly engage domain-general cognitive control regions, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and pre-supplementary motor area, to support syntactic processing under high cognitive loads. Conclusions: On the basis of these findings, we propose the Graded Compensation and Cognitive Scaffolding (GCCS) model which posits that language resilience is maintained through a graded and condition-dependent adaptation of neural resources. This study critically evaluates the current literature and highlights the need for more methodologically rigorous studies to better understand the effects of aging on syntactic processing and its neural basis. Given the limited number of eligible studies, the findings of this review should be interpreted with caution. More well-powered, longitudinal research is needed to uncover the trajectory of neural reorganization during syntactic processing in older adults.