# MARU-MTL: A Mamba-Enhanced Multi-Task Learning Framework for Continuous Blood Pressure Estimation Using Radar Pulse Waves

## TL;DR

MARU-MTL is a new radar-based system that estimates blood pressure continuously without physical contact, using advanced machine learning to improve accuracy and comfort.

## Contribution

The novel framework integrates a Bidirectional Mamba module and a VAE-SQI mechanism for robust, contactless blood pressure estimation.

## Key findings

- MARU-MTL achieves systolic and diastolic BP errors of 3.87 mmHg and 2.93 mmHg, meeting AAMI standards.
- The VAE-SQI mechanism effectively screens radar pulse wave segments without manual annotation.
- Combining BP regression with waveform reconstruction improves physiological consistency in predictions.

## Abstract

Continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential for the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. Traditional cuff-based methods cause discomfort during repeated measurements, and wearable sensors require direct skin contact, limiting their applicability. Radar-based contactless BP measurement has emerged as a promising alternative. However, radar pulse wave (RPW) signals are susceptible to motion artifacts, respiratory interference, and environmental clutter, posing persistent challenges to estimation accuracy and robustness. In this paper, we propose MARU-MTL, a Mamba-enhanced multi-task learning framework for continuous BP estimation using a single millimeter-wave radar sensor. To address signal quality degradation, a Variational Autoencoder-based Signal Quality Index (VAE-SQI) mechanism is proposed to automatically screen RPW segments without manual annotation. To capture long-range temporal dependencies across cardiac cycles, we integrate a Bidirectional Mamba module into the bottleneck of a U-Net backbone, enabling linear-time sequence modeling with respect to the segment length. We also introduce a multi-task learning strategy that couples BP regression with arterial blood pressure waveform reconstruction to strengthen physiological consistency. Extensive experiments on two datasets comprising 55 subjects demonstrate that MARU-MTL achieves mean absolute errors of 3.87 mmHg and 2.93 mmHg for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, meeting commonly used AAMI error thresholds and achieving metrics comparable to BHS Grade A.