# Bio-Inspired Blade Cascades: Numerical Predictions Versus Experimental Measurements

## TL;DR

This study compares numerical simulations and experiments to evaluate noise predictions for bio-inspired serrated blade designs.

## Contribution

The work validates numerical methods for predicting aeroacoustic behavior of bio-inspired blade cascades and highlights model-dependent trade-offs.

## Key findings

- Below 900 Hz, interaction noise is difficult to evaluate for serrated blade cascades.
- SAS and LES models show better agreement with experimental results at higher frequencies.
- Turbulent formations lose coherence across several frequency bands in the cascade configuration.

## Abstract

This work presents a numerical–experimental validation of aeroacoustic predictions for bio-inspired leading edge serrated blade cascades. Transient simulations were carried out on a four-blade cascade using several turbulence modeling strategies commonly applied in broadband noise analysis—Spalart–Allmaras (SA), k−ω SST, k−ε, Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS), and Large Eddy Simulation (LES)—for assessing their capability to reproduce measured spectra. Multiple timestep resolutions were tested to ensure temporal accuracy. The comparison indicates that below 900 Hz, interaction noise is difficult to evaluate for such applications, whereas in the range from 0.9 to 5 kHz the turbulent jet–blade interaction is clearly captured. In the low-frequency regime (<1 kHz), the SA, SAS, and k−ω SST models exhibit similar behavior, while at higher frequencies SAS provides the closest agreement with experimental results, albeit with a slight tendency to overestimate at the upper end of the spectrum. LES demonstrates a satisfactory performance in reproducing the baseline response. The validation of numerical simulations with experimental results has been achieved, and a complex analysis using pressure measurements on the blade surface for a four-blade cascade configuration shows that turbulent formations lose their coherence quite significantly across several frequency bands. Overall, the results confirm that numerical simulations can reproduce the dominant experimental trends, while emphasizing the model-dependent trade-offs in predicting the acoustic benefits of bio-inspired leading edge serrations.