# Advancing Microplastic and Nanoplastic Toxicity Assessment: Insights from Human Organoid Models

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how human organoids can help assess the toxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics to human health.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of human organoid applications in microplastic and nanoplastic toxicity assessment.

## Key findings

- Human organoids can mimic native organs and tissues for toxicity studies.
- Current limitations in using organoids for plastic toxicity are identified.
- Combining organoids with new technologies may improve toxicity insights.

## Abstract

Evidence has demonstrated that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) exerted toxic effects on animal models; our understanding of their potential toxicity to human health remains limited due to the lack of human-relevant in vitro models. Human stem cell-derived organoids are sophisticated and multicellular structures that could effectively mimic the key features of native organs and tissues. To date, human organoids have been widely used in toxicology. This study reviews the current application of human organoids in the toxicity assessment of MPs and NPs. Current limitations and future perspectives are discussed. Cutting-edge technologies combined with organoids are expected to provide new insights for illustrating the potential toxicity of MPs and NPs.