# Integrating Diagnostic Tools for Early Recognition of Rumenitis in a Neonatal Calf

## TL;DR

This paper describes a rare case of rumenitis in a young calf and highlights how combining various diagnostic tools can help detect the condition early.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates the importance of integrating clinical, endoscopic, and laboratory diagnostics for early recognition of rumenitis in neonatal calves.

## Key findings

- Endoscopy revealed severe rumen mucosal damage in a one-month-old calf.
- Histopathology and microbiology confirmed acute suppurative rumenitis with mixed bacterial and fungal flora.
- Early diagnostic integration improved recognition of the disease despite the calf's death.

## Abstract

Rumenitis is an inflammation of one of the stomach compartments in cattle. It is usually seen in adult animals and is uncommon in very young calves, which makes it difficult to recognize early. In this report, we describe a one-month-old calf that showed weakness, poor appetite, and repeated regurgitation of fluid. Clinical tests revealed serious imbalances in blood chemistry and organ function. An endoscopic examination showed that the inner lining of the rumen was severely irritated and damaged. Laboratory analyses confirmed marked inflammation. Despite treatment, the calf did not survive. This case highlights how quickly rumenitis can progress in young calves and emphasizes the importance of early recognition. It also shows how combining different diagnostic tools, such as clinical examination, blood analysis, and endoscopy, can improve diagnosis and help guide timely treatment decisions.

Rumenitis is an inflammatory condition of the rumen, typically seen in adult cattle managed on high-energy diets. In calves, it is uncommon and often linked to ruminal drinking due to esophageal groove dysfunction. Early diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific clinical signs. A one-month-old male Limousin calf was presented with persistent non-fetid fluid regurgitation, rhythmic mastication, inappetence, and progressive neurological signs. Clinical examination revealed signs of dehydration and neurological dysfunction. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated metabolic acidosis (pH 7.16), hyperkalemia, and elevated serum urea. Endoscopy identified diffuse mucosal hyperemia, erosions, and fluid accumulation in the rumen. Symptomatic and supportive therapy was initiated; however, the calf died spontaneously. Necropsy was therefore performed, and rumen samples were collected for histological and microbiological investigations. Histopathological analysis confirmed acute suppurative rumenitis. The microbiological culture of rumen and reticulum samples yielded mixed bacterial flora, including Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. The fungal culture isolated Penicillium spp., Mucoraceae, Geotrichium spp., and Aspergillus fumigatus. This case details the value of integrating clinical examination, blood gas analysis, endoscopy, histopathology, and microbiology in diagnosing rumenitis in young calves. Although Limousin calves are not considered predisposed, management and feeding practices may play a critical role in disease onset. Rumenitis should be considered in calves presenting persistent regurgitation and neurological signs. Early, minimally invasive diagnostics such as endoscopy can improve diagnostic accuracy and inform timely clinical decision-making.