# Impact of Raw Material Particle Size on Processing, Physical Quality and In Vivo Performance of Grain Sorghum and Wheat-Based Extruded Feed for Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

## TL;DR

This study shows that grain sorghum can replace wheat in tilapia feed, improving fish growth and feed quality without requiring extremely fine grinding.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates that grain sorghum is a viable and cost-effective alternative to wheat in extruded tilapia feed.

## Key findings

- Sorghum-based diets improved tilapia growth and final weight compared to wheat-based diets.
- Finer grinding is unnecessary for good fish growth, saving feed manufacturing costs.
- Sorghum-based feed had higher density and lower water absorption than wheat-based feed.

## Abstract

This study addressed the need for more sustainable and cost-effective ingredients in fish feed to support the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. The main objectives were to evaluate if grain sorghum, an affordable and drought-tolerant crop, could successfully replace grains like wheat in floating feed for Nile tilapia produced using extrusion processing, and to determine the impact of ingredient particle size on feed quality and fish growth. Results showed that sorghum-based diets resulted in significantly better growth and final weight for the tilapia compared to wheat-based diets, demonstrating that grain sorghum is a viable and promising alternative to wheat in tilapia feeds. Results also showed that grinding ingredients to an extremely fine particle size is unnecessary for good fish growth, allowing producers to save both time and money in feed manufacturing without negatively harming performance.

This research compared grain sorghum with wheat as an ingredient in extruded, floating tilapia feed, and also studied the impact of pre-extrusion grinding intensity or hammer mill sieve size on extrusion parameters, final product quality and animal performance. With an increase in grind size of the diets from 0.61 to 1.27 mm, higher specific thermal energy was observed; however, specific mechanical energy decreased, leading to lower expansion (pooled bulk density of 405.6 g/L versus 441.5 g/L). Grain source also impacted pellet expansion and quality, with sorghum-based aquatic feed pellets having higher piece density than wheat-based pellets (pooled average of 0.52 g/cm3 versus 0.48 g/cm3) and lower water absorption (pooled average of 255.7% versus 334.4%). Digestibility trends with respect to grain and grind size were not consistent for Nile tilapia fed different extruded diets, but results from a 12-week growth trial showed that tilapia fed the sorghum-based diet had a higher weight gain as compared to wheat-based diets (86.0% versus 81.8%). Grind size or grain did not have a statistically significant impact on feed conversion ratio (FCR), but the sorghum-based feed from medium grind had the lowest FCR of 1.03, while the FCR of other treatments ranged from 1.09 to 1.13. These results indicate that grain sorghum can successfully be incorporated into Nile tilapia diets with positive effects on both physical feed quality as well as the growth of the fish.