# Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers toward drug–drug interaction management among pharmacists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

## TL;DR

This study explores how pharmacists in Riyadh manage drug interactions, finding that training and age affect their practices and perceived barriers.

## Contribution

The study identifies factors influencing pharmacists' DDI management practices and barriers in Saudi Arabia.

## Key findings

- Formal DDI training significantly improves pharmacists' practices.
- Younger pharmacists and those with higher qualifications report fewer perceived barriers.
- Tailored educational interventions are needed to enhance DDI management.

## Abstract

Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) pose a serious challenge in pharmaceutical care, affecting medication safety and treatment outcomes. Pharmacists play a crucial role in identifying, preventing, and managing DDIs. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers related to DDIs among pharmacists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between September and December 2024.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among pharmacists in Riyadh using a structured questionnaire to gather demographic data and assess knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers toward DDI management. Statistical analyses, including correlation and binary logistic regression, were employed to investigate the associations.

Among the participants, 63.8% were 30–39 years (40.8%). A moderate positive correlation was found between attitudes and practices (r = 0.439, P < 0.001), suggesting that favorable attitudes were associated with better practices. Female pharmacists (P < 0.001, OR = 0.381) and those with formal DDI training (P < 0.001, OR = 5.467) reported significantly better practices. Perceived barriers were lower among younger pharmacists (P = 0.024, OR = 0.593), those with higher qualifications (P = 0.004, OR = 0.675), and those in specific work settings (P < 0.001, OR = 0.621), while more experienced pharmacists reported greater barriers (P < 0.001, OR = 1.933). Formal training did not significantly impact perceived barriers (P = 0.201).

Formal training in DDIs markedly improves pharmacists' practices. Younger age and higher qualifications are associated with fewer perceived barriers. Tailored educational interventions are crucial to enhance DDI management and promote patient safety.