# Heterogeneity in public attitudes and preferences for the deployment of aquifer thermal energy storage

## TL;DR

The UK public has diverse attitudes and preferences for deploying aquifer thermal energy storage, requiring tailored communication and design for successful adoption.

## Contribution

The study identifies four distinct public stances and preferences for ATES deployment using survey and discrete choice experiment data.

## Key findings

- Public attitudes toward ATES deployment in the UK show significant heterogeneity.
- Preferences include quicker deployment, higher CO2 reduction, and accessibility for private households.
- Tailored communication strategies are needed to align with public preferences for sustainable energy transitions.

## Abstract

Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) can contribute to heating and cooling decarbonization by utilizing the thermal capacity of natural aquifers. Securing acceptance and support for deploying ATES at scale requires acknowledging public perceptions and designing systems compatible with public preferences. Here we characterize attitudinal stances and preferences for the deployment of ATES in public buildings in the UK. Using data from a social survey and a discrete choice experiment, we find substantial heterogeneity in public attitudes and support for ATES installations. Latent class analysis identifies four distinct stances, ranging from cautiously negative to enthusiastically supportive. Estimating mixed multinomial and hybrid choice models, we find strong preferences for quicker deployment of ATES infrastructure, with greater CO2 emissions-reduction capacity, that can be accessed by private households. Results point to the need for tailored communication strategies and preference-compatible design for achieving socially desirable sustainable energy transitions.

Survey and discrete choice experiment data reveal substantial heterogeneity in the UK public’s stance towards aquifer thermal energy storage deployment and in preferences for deployment characteristics that vary with latent attitudes.