# Maternal undernutrition reprograms reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in female offspring of the rabbit model

## TL;DR

Maternal undernutrition in rabbits affects offspring's reproductive and metabolic health through gene expression changes in oocytes, even when re-feeding occurs.

## Contribution

The study reveals that re-feeding after maternal undernutrition can reduce long-term effects on offspring growth and metabolism while modulating gene expression in oocytes.

## Key findings

- Maternal food restriction increased serum aminotransferase levels in offspring, suggesting hepatic stress.
- FR group oocytes showed upregulated genes related to oxidative stress and fatty acid uptake, while cumulus cells showed altered apoptosis-related gene expression.
- Re-feeding after maternal undernutrition attenuated adverse effects on offspring growth and metabolism.

## Abstract

Maternal undernutrition during pregnancy in mammals can induce long-term effects in offspring health through molecular programming of the gametes. Using the rabbit model, this study investigates whether maternal food restriction (FR) during the first two-thirds of gestation induces effects on ovarian follicular, oocyte, and early embryo developmental markers in F1 female offspring at the onset of reproductive life. Additionally, body composition, metabolic profile, and growth trajectory from birth to sexual maturity (16 weeks) were assessed to evaluate potential impacts on overall health. Pregnant females (F0) were fed either ad libitum (Control group) or a restricted diet covering 60% of nutritional requirements (FR group). Offspring from both groups were fed ad libitum. Maternal FR had no significant effects on birth weight and survival of progeny, growth trajectory, feed intake or glycemic profile during the juvenile phase. Body weight, body composition, lipid, and glycemic profiles in F1 sexually mature females were similar. However, serum aminotransferase levels were significantly elevated in the F1 females from FR group (P < 0.05), indicating potential hepatic stress. In FR group, F2 oocytes showed a significant upregulation of SOD2, G6PD, and FABP4 mRNA expression levels (P < 0.05), while cumulus cells (CCs) exhibited increased TP53 and decreased CASP3 transcripts levels (P < 0.05). At ovulation time, the progesterone/estradiol ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.001), coinciding with an increased proportion of F2 expanded blastocysts (P < 0.005) and total embryo cell counts (P < 0.05). Serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels, ovulation rate, apoptosis rate, and in vitro embryo development did not differ between groups. These findings suggest that re-feeding after maternal food restriction can attenuate adverse long-term effects on offspring growth and metabolism, while modulating the expression of genes related to oxidative stress, apoptosis and fatty acid uptake in the oocytes of F1 females. This modulation may reflect the activation of compensatory intracellular mechanisms that support early embryonic development in juvenile females at the onset of their reproductive life.