# Factor structure and psychometric properties of an adapted HIV stigma tool for measuring disability-related stigma among smallholder farmers in Western Kenya – Findings from a cross-sectional study

## TL;DR

This study adapts an HIV stigma tool to measure disability-related stigma among smallholder farmers in Kenya, finding it reliable and valid.

## Contribution

The study adapts and validates an HIV stigma tool for disability-related stigma in a low-income farming context.

## Key findings

- A two-factor structure was identified for enacted stigma: negative and positive attitudes toward people with disabilities.
- The experienced stigma scale was reduced to six items and showed unidimensionality and good internal consistency.
- The adapted tool demonstrated good construct validity and reliability for measuring disability-related stigma.

## Abstract

People with disabilities face stigma and discrimination which contribute to barriers and poor outcomes in many areas such as health or employment. There is currently a dearth of tools for measuring disability-related stigma and discrimination in low-and middle-income countries.

This study aims to evaluate the construct validity and internal consistency of adapted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stigma and discrimination tools for use in the context of disability, among smallholder farmers in Western Kenya.

Separate tools were used to measure enacted stigma in the community among people without disabilities, and stigma experienced by people with disabilities. We split the relevant sample in two (N = 3642 for enacted stigma; N = 710 for experienced stigma), using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the first half and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the second.

For enacted stigma, a two factor-structure was identified: negative attitudes towards people with disabilities and positive/supportive attitudes towards people with disabilities. For experienced stigma, the scale was reduced to six items capturing interpersonal stigma, and was unidimensional. CFA model-fit indices were good. McDonald’s omega coefficient indicated good internal consistency for the enacted stigma scale (0.79) and for the experienced stigma scale (0.82).

The adapted HIV stigma scale showed good properties in terms of construct validity and reliability, for measuring aspects of disability-related stigma. These are promising results to build on to develop locally valid and standardised disability-related stigma and discrimination measurement tools.