# Adapting and testing of DeprEnd EMDR therapy for major depressive disorder: a study protocol of mixed method randomized controlled trial

## TL;DR

This study adapts and tests EMDR therapy for depression in Pakistan, aiming to make it culturally suitable and effective for local use.

## Contribution

The study introduces the first culturally adapted DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol for Pakistan and evaluates its effectiveness in-person and online.

## Key findings

- A mixed-method randomized controlled trial design was developed to adapt and test DeprEnd EMDR therapy in Pakistan.
- The protocol will be tested for feasibility and effectiveness in both in-person and online formats.
- The study aims to provide a scalable mental health intervention framework for South Asia.

## Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease, with a high prevalence in Pakistan. MDD is treatable, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is recognized as an effective treatment worldwide. However, EMDR therapy, rooted in Western psychological frameworks, may require cultural and methodological adaptation to fit clients’ needs in Pakistan. Notably, there is a lack of research on adapting EMDR therapy in Pakistan, and scarce studies on its effectiveness through online modalities. To bridge these research gaps, this study has two aims: first to develop an adapted DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol in Pakistan; second, to test its feasibility, relevance, and clinical effectiveness across in-person and online modalities.

This research adopts a mixed-mode exploratory sequential randomized controlled trial design. In the first phase, an exploratory qualitative approach will be utilized to culturally and methodologically adapt DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol through narrative review and focus group discussion. Data will be qualitatively analyzed. This phase has been previously reported in a separate peer-reviewed publication. In the second phase, a randomized controlled trial design will be used to test the feasibility, relevance, and clinical effectiveness of the adapted DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol. Initially, it will be pilot tested among 25 handful clients, and later an estimated sample of 80 clients will be selected to test it on a large scale. Clients will be randomized via a covariate-adaptive technique to in-person and online arms with a 1:1 ratio. Symptom-related data will be collected at the baseline, midpoint, post-treatment, and follow-up stages. Data will be analyzed using a combination of univariate and multivariate statistics.

This research conducts the first known scientific adaptation and clinical testing of the DeprEnd EMDR therapy protocol in Pakistan. Through systematic adaptation and assessment of its feasibility and clinical effectiveness, this protocol is positioned to be scalable, showing potential for broader dissemination across South Asia. It contributes a vital framework for culturally sensitive mental health interventions that bridge global evidence-based practices and local sociocultural needs. This study paves the way for collaborative efforts to optimize trauma-focused psychotherapies in low-resource contexts, thus promoting health equity in the region.

The initial study protocol was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov database under registration no: NCT-06439043. Last Updated:01/21/2025 and Initial Release:05/27/2024.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-026-09543-4.