# Extraction and quantification of lead in meconium: Analysis through inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (ICP-MS)

## TL;DR

This study uses ICP-MS to detect and quantify lead in meconium, a non-invasive biomatrix that reflects fetal exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy.

## Contribution

The study introduces a reliable method for lead extraction and quantification in meconium with high recovery rates and low detection limits.

## Key findings

- A detection limit of 0.00062 µg/g (0.62 ppb) for lead in meconium was achieved.
- The mean recovery rate of lead was 101%, indicating high accuracy of the method.
- The study outlines challenges and solutions for sample preparation and Pb quantification in meconium.

## Abstract

In recent years, growing attention has been directed towards the impact of environmental pollution on child health, particularly the silent threat posed by heavy metals (HMs). Foetuses may also be exposed to HMs through placental transfer from the mother. To evaluate such exposures, researchers are increasingly seeking long-term, non-invasive biomatrices, among which meconium - the newborn’s first faeces or stool, has emerged as a promising candidate. Meconium accumulates throughout pregnancy and is likely to reflect the transfer of chemicals across the placenta. A total of 136 meconium samples were analysed using ICP-MS to evaluate lead concentration in it. The method achieved a detection limit of 0.00062 µg/g (0.62 ppb). The mean recovery rate of Pb was 101% (range: 93–110%). This study presents the following challenges and solutions:

• Extraction, digestion, and quantification of lead (Pb) in human meconium.

• Identification of appropriate drying time of meconium samples due to variable water content across samples.

• Spiking of meconium with suitable Pb standards, calculation of recovery rates, and estimation of true Pb concentration.

Image, graphical abstract