# Housing quality and school outcomes in England: a nationally representative linked cohort study

## TL;DR

Poor housing quality in England is linked to more school absences and lower test scores in children.

## Contribution

This study is the first to show a link between housing quality and school outcomes using a nationally representative dataset.

## Key findings

- Children in lower-quality housing missed 1.4 more school days per year.
- Lower housing quality was associated with 0.07 to 0.13 SD lower test scores in Maths and English.
- Damp, overcrowding, and poor accommodation type were strongest predictors of school absences.

## Abstract

One in seven households in England live in accommodation not meeting housing quality standards. Low-quality housing is linked to adverse child health, but less is known about the relationship with educational outcomes. This study evaluated the relationship between housing quality, school absences and educational attainment.

Data were drawn from the Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative cohort of children born in 2000/2002. Housing quality at age 7 years was computed from six indicators: accommodation type, floor level, access to a garden, damp, heating and overcrowding. Percentage of missed school sessions and standardised test scores in Maths and English at age 7, 11 and 16 were linked from the National Pupil Database. Confounder-adjusted linear regressions with survey weights were fitted.

Approximately 16% of children lived in lower quality housing (ie, disadvantage in ≥2 conditions); after confounder adjustment, these children had 0.74% (or 1.4 days) more absences per year than those living in higher quality housing (n=7272, 95% CI 0.34% to 1.13%). Damp, overcrowding and accommodation type were the strongest predictors of absence. Test scores in Maths and English across compulsory schooling were between 0.07 and 0.13 SD lower for children living in lower versus higher quality housing (n=6741), mainly driven by overcrowding and lack of central heating.

Children living in homes with lower quality housing conditions missed 15.5 days more of school throughout compulsory schooling and performed worse on national tests than those in higher quality housing. Targeting specific housing conditions, such as damp and overcrowding, could be beneficial for children’s school outcomes.