# Fine-mapping, candidate gene identification, and marker development for the apple scab resistance gene Rvi2

## TL;DR

Researchers identified a key gene region in apples that provides resistance to scab disease and developed a marker to help breed resistant apple varieties.

## Contribution

The study fine-mapped the Rvi2 resistance gene and identified a retrotransposon insertion containing an FPPS gene linked to resistance.

## Key findings

- The Rvi2 resistance gene is located within a 10,041 bp LTR-RT insertion.
- An FPPS gene within the retrotransposon is closely linked to Rvi2 and may regulate defense genes.
- A structural variant marker derived from this region was validated and used in marker-assisted selection.

## Abstract

Breeding elite apple cultivars with scab resistance is a key global goal, as reliance on fungicides is unsustainable. The causal fungus, Venturia inaequalis, evolves rapidly, threatening cultivars with single-gene resistance. Since the 1980s, breeding programmes have introduced novel resistance sources via backcrossing. Here, we generated a haplotype-phased genome assembly of Russian apple R12740-7A and an Oxford Nanopore assembly of the Rvi2-resistance accession TSR34T15, enabling detailed dissection of the Rvi2 resistance locus. Fine-mapping using a ‘Royal Gala’ × TSR34T15 segregating family delimited Rvi2 to a narrow genomic interval, within which we identified a 10 041 bp long terminal repeat retrotransposon (LTR-RT) insertion—an insert-based structural variant (SV) strongly linked with Rvi2. Notably, this LTR-RT harbours an FPPS gene, a member of the farnesyl pyrophosphate/geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (FPP/GGPP) synthase family, located 2 kb from a key candidate defence gene. Although the FPPS gene exhibits stable expression, its integration within the retrotransposon suggests a cis-regulatory role, potentially priming adjacent defence genes for robust up-regulation upon pathogen attack. We validated the marker derived from this SV in diverse germplasms and successfully implemented it in marker-assisted selection across extensive seedling cohorts. This marker will streamline the development of scab-resistant apple varieties.

The Rvi2 locus that confers resistance to scab in apple is fine-mapped to a 10 kb LTR retrotransposon insertion containing an FPPS gene, and used to develop a structural variant marker.