# State-of-the-Art Review: Managing Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

## TL;DR

This review discusses the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, focusing on new strategies to manage recurring infections.

## Contribution

The paper highlights emerging treatment strategies like new drugs, zinc, and immunotherapy for managing recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

## Key findings

- Non-albicans Candida species are becoming more common in vulvovaginal infections.
- The vaginal microbiome plays a key role in preventing Candida overgrowth.
- Emerging treatments include novel antifungals, immunomodulators, and vaccines.

## Abstract

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is one of the most prevalent infections in women worldwide. Together with its recurrent form, it affects millions of women annually, causing significant symptoms and severely impacting quality of life. This review examines the pathophysiology, risk factors, microbiome interactions, clinical manifestations, and challenges in diagnosing and managing vulvovaginal candidiasis, with emphasis on recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. While Candida albicans is the primary cause, non-albicans species are increasingly common. Multiple factors contribute to both forms, including hormonal changes, diabetes, antibiotic use, immune dysfunction, and genetics. The vaginal microbiome plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and preventing Candida overgrowth. Symptoms such as itching, discharge, and soreness overlap with other conditions, complicating the diagnosis. Standard treatment involves topical or systemic antifungals, but recurrence and resistance are frequent. Emerging strategies include novel antifungals, immunomodulators, and vaccines. Future approaches should focus on modulating host and environmental factors to prevent recurrence, reduce resistance, and improve outcomes.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), especially in its recurrent form, significantly impacts women's health. This review explores its pathophysiology, risk factors, microbiome interactions, diagnosis, management, and treatment, emphasizing emerging strategies such as new drugs, zinc supplementation, and immunotherapy beyond conventional antifungal therapies.