# Genetic affinities between the ancient Greek colony of Amvrakia and its metropolis

## TL;DR

This study explores the genetic connections between the ancient Greek colony of Amvrakia and its founding city, Corinth, revealing that Amvrakia's initial population was largely shaped by migrants from Corinth.

## Contribution

The study provides new genetic evidence of the planned migration and cultural transmission during the Corinthian colonization of Amvrakia.

## Key findings

- Amvrakia's founding population was primarily influenced by a single genetic source from Corinth, specifically the Archaic Tenea population.
- No direct ancestry from the local Late Bronze Age population near Amvrakia was detected.
- Genetic continuity was observed in Amvrakia through the Classical and Hellenistic periods with minimal differentiation.

## Abstract

The complex historical phenomenon known as Greek colonization refers to the strategic establishment of new settlements (colonies) from the 8th to the early fourth century BCE. Unlike earlier migrations, this process was planned and driven by the need to expand trade, access resources, and develop economic as well as political networks. Corinth, a prominent commercial center in southern Greece, constitutes a prominent example for initiating colonization. By founding colonies, Corinth established a safe and continuous route for moving goods along the coasts of western mainland Greece and the Adriatic. Amvrakia was one of Corinth’s principal colonies along this route in northwestern Greece. Founded in the seventh century BCE, Amvrakia was characterized by a strong dependence on its metropolis (Corinth). Here, we aim to investigate the genetic relationships between the Corinthian metropolis and the Amvrakia colony, the contribution of the local population to the founding genetic pool, as well as the demography of Amvrakia in subsequent periods.

During its foundation in the Archaic period, Amvrakia appears to have been shaped by genetic influences from a single source. This source migrated from the Corinth territory, represented by the Archaic Tenea population and is supported via an Identity By Descent (IBD) analysis. A direct ancestry from Late Bronze Age (LBA) Greece, including a local LBA population represented by the Ammotopos site located in close proximity to Amvrakia, was not inferred despite conducting a plethora of independent population genomics analyses. During the subsequent Classical and Hellenistic periods, the population of Amvrakia appears to have only slightly differentiated and evidence of genetic continuity over time is observed.

The migration of Corinthians to Amvrakia was the major contributor to the initial genetic pool of the colony, indicating that the Corinthian colonization included both genetic and cultural transmission between the metropolis and its colony.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-026-03968-5.