# Marine medaka PKCα promotes red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus entry by orchestrating MYL3-mediated macropinocytosis and cofilin-dependent actin remodeling

## TL;DR

This study reveals how a virus infects fish by hijacking a signaling pathway involving PKCα, myosin, and actin, offering a new target for antiviral treatments.

## Contribution

The study identifies a novel MmMYL3-MmPKCα-cofilin signaling axis exploited by NNV for host cell entry.

## Key findings

- MmPKCα enhances NNV entry through its kinase activity and interaction with MmMYL3.
- MmPKCα activates cofilin by suppressing its phosphorylation, promoting actin remodeling for macropinocytosis.
- MmPKCα is not a viral receptor but is essential for RGNNV entry via macropinocytosis.

## Abstract

Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is a central signaling molecule implicated in various cellular processes, including viral infections. However, its role in fish viruses, particularly nervous necrosis virus (NNV), remains elusive. Here, we report that PKCα from marine medaka (MmPKCα) facilitates red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) entry by bridging viral receptor marine medaka myosin light chain 3 (MmMYL3, a known RGNNV receptor mediating macropinocytosis) binding to downstream actin dynamics. RGNNV infection upregulates MmPKCα expression and activates its phosphorylation. Gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that MmPKCα enhances NNV entry, dependent on its kinase activity. We found that MmPKCα interacts with the RGNNV capsid protein via its C-terminal (CT) domain. Although MmPKCα localized to the cell surface, it did not function as an RGNNV receptor, evidenced by unaltered viral binding, inability to render non-susceptible cells permissive, and lack of inhibition by anti-PKCα antibodies/recombinant MmPKCα protein. Instead, MmPKCα directly interacts with MmMYL3 and is essential for MmMYL3-mediated macropinocytosis. Furthermore, MmPKCα binds to marine medaka cofilin (MmCFL1/2) through its CT domain and suppresses cofilin phosphorylation at Ser3, thereby activating cofilin and promoting actin rearrangement critical for macropinocytosis. Our study uncovers a novel MmMYL3-MmPKCα-cofilin signaling axis that RGNNV exploits to enter host cells, highlighting PKCα as a potential therapeutic target for controlling NNV infection.

Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) causes devastating losses in global aquaculture. Here, we identify a novel MmMYL3-MmPKCα-cofilin signaling axis that NNV exploits to enter host cells via macropinocytosis. This finding advances our understanding of fish virus invasion mechanisms, uncovering how NNV hijacks host signaling for entry. Beyond basic virology insights, our work highlights protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) as a promising therapeutic target, laying the groundwork for developing targeted antivirals to control NNV.