Variation in diagnostic performance of fecal immunochemical test (FIT) by cutoffs used in screening programs globally

TL;DR

This study shows that different cutoffs for a fecal test used in colon cancer screening lead to varied results across countries, affecting how well the test detects cancer and precancerous lesions.

Contribution

The study quantifies how global variation in FIT cutoffs impacts diagnostic performance metrics for colorectal cancer screening.

Findings

FIT positivity thresholds range from 8.5 to 120 μg Hb/g feces across 30 countries.

Sensitivity for CRC detection drops from 98.1% to 55.6% depending on cutoffs.

Specificity for no advanced neoplasia ranges from 86.3% to 98.9%.

Abstract

Quantitative fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is widely used for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, with substantial variation in positivity thresholds across countries. This study examines how these thresholds affect FIT's diagnostic performance for detecting CRC and advanced precancerous lesions (APCL).

We analyzed data from a single round screening of 7398 men and women aged 50–79 years, enrolled between 2008 and 2020 in the German BLITZ study, who provided a stool sample for FIT prior to screening colonoscopy. Using FIT positivity thresholds from 30 countries across five continents, we estimated positivity rates, sensitivities for CRC, APCL, and any advanced neoplasia (AN), as well as specificity for no AN, with colonoscopy as the reference standard. Subgroup analyses were conducted by age and sex.

FIT positivity thresholds across the included countries ranged from 8.5 (Belgium, Flanders) to 120 μg Hb/g feces (England, Wales and Northern Ireland). This wide range went along with very wide ranges of positivity rates and diagnostic performance parameters: positivity rate, 17.6% (95% CI: 16.7–18.5) to 2.6% (95% CI: 2.3–3.0); sensitivity for CRC, 98.1% (95% CI: 90.1–100.0) to 55.6% (41.4–69.1); sensitivity for APCL, 45.5% (95% CI: 41.9–49.0) to 12.2% (95% CI: 10.0–14.7); sensitivity for any AN, 48.9% (95% CI: 45.4–52.4) to 15.0% (95% CI: 12.7–17.7); specificity for no AN, 86.3% (95% CI: 85.5–87.2) to 98.9% (95% CI: 98.7–99.2).

The broad range of FIT positivity thresholds across countries goes along with very different diagnostic performance parameters. While this limits comparability of results between countries, our results underscore the potential of FIT as a flexible screening tool that can be adapted to the evolving healthcare system capacities in different countries.

German Research Council, the 10.13039/501100002347Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the 10.13039/501100005972German Cancer Aid.

Figures