# Early peri-implant crevicular fluid interleukin-1β as a potential predictor of peri-implant diseases: a 12-month prospective study

## TL;DR

This study suggests that high levels of interleukin-1β in fluid around dental implants early after surgery may predict future implant-related diseases.

## Contribution

The study identifies interleukin-1β as a potential early predictor of peri-implant diseases, offering a new diagnostic marker.

## Key findings

- Elevated IL-1β levels at 3 months predicted peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis at 12 months.
- IL-1β showed strong discriminatory ability with high area under the curve values in ROC analysis.
- Only IL-1β remained a significant predictor in multivariate analysis.

## Abstract

Peri-implant disease is a common complication of implant-supported rehabilitation. This study aimed to explore the association between inflammatory cytokine levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and the development of peri-implant diseases.

Patients who underwent dental implant surgery at the Department of Stomatology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital between July and December 2024 were prospectively enrolled and received routine postoperative oral care. At 3 months postoperatively, levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in PICF were measured. The incidences of peri-implant diseases at 12 months postoperatively were determined. Patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of peri-implant diseases, and the associations between PICF inflammatory cytokines and peri-implant diseases were analyzed.

A total of 111 patients (157 implants) were screened; 65.8% (73/111) were male, with a mean age of 60.6 ± 7.1 years. At 3 months postoperatively, median PICF levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were 20.8 (15, 23.4), 3.7 (2.6, 5.0), and 13.7 (11.8, 16.0) pg./mL, respectively. At 12 months postoperatively, the incidences of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis were 14.4% (16/111) and 6.3% (7/111), respectively. In univariate logistic regression analyses, both IL-1β and IL-6 were suggested as potential predictors of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis (all p < 0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, only IL-1β remained a potential predictor (both p < 0.05). For IL-1β > 25 pg./mL, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis within this dataset yielded areas under the curve of 0.833 (p < 0.0001) and 0.804 (p = 0.0094) for peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, respectively, suggesting possible discriminatory ability.

Elevated IL-1β levels in PICF at 3 months postoperatively may serve as a potential predictor of peri-implant disease at 12 months after implant placement. These findings will need to be validated in larger, multicenter studies in the future.