# Early neurological improvement as a dynamic predictor for 90-day functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke: a prospective cohort study

## TL;DR

This study shows that early neurological improvement in stroke patients can predict long-term recovery and improve the accuracy of outcome predictions.

## Contribution

The study introduces a dynamic model that incorporates early neurological improvement to enhance the calibration of stroke outcome predictions.

## Key findings

- 118 out of 200 patients (59.0%) achieved good functional recovery at 90 days.
- Incorporating ΔNIHSS reduced the mean absolute prediction error by 47%.
- Greater early neurological improvement was independently associated with better outcomes (adjusted OR 1.48).

## Abstract

Early neurological improvement (ENI) within the first 24 h after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has been proposed as a rapid dynamic predictor for treatment response. However, the prognostic value of ENI for 90-day functional recovery in real-world clinical practice remains uncertain, especially in heterogeneous stroke populations receiving mixed reperfusion treatments. We aimed to evaluate the association between 24-h neurological change and 90-day functional outcome in a contemporary single-center AIS cohort.

We conducted a prospective observational cohort study including 200 consecutive AIS patients between January 2023 and December 2024. Baseline demographic, vascular risk factor, clinical, laboratory, imaging, and treatment variables were collected at admission. ENI was defined as the change in NIHSS between baseline and 24 h (ΔNIHSS = NIHSS_baseline–NIHSS_24h). Two logistic regression models were developed: Model 1, using only baseline clinical and imaging variables, and Model 2, which incorporated ΔNIHSS as a dynamic predictor. Discrimination was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and calibration was assessed using bootstrap-corrected calibration plots. Nomograms were constructed for bedside application.

Among 200 patients, 118 (59.0%) achieved good functional outcome at 90 days (mRS 0–2). In Model 1, age, baseline NIHSS, and ASPECTS were independently associated with 90-day outcomes, whereas hypertension was negatively associated. Model 1 demonstrated strong discrimination (AUC 0.863). While discrimination reached a prognostic plateau (AUC 0.863 vs. 0.855), the incorporation of ΔNIHSS significantly optimized model calibration, reducing the mean absolute prediction error by 47% (0.051–0.027). This indicates that the dynamic model provides substantially more accurate probability estimates for individual patients. Greater early neurological improvement was independently associated with good outcome (adjusted OR per 5-point ΔNIHSS increase, 1.48; 95% CI 1.11–1.97). Corresponding ROC curves, calibration plots, and nomograms for both models are presented.

Early neurological improvement within 24 h after AIS serves as a reliable and rapid dynamic predictor for 90-day functional recovery. While baseline clinical and imaging variables provide strong prognostic value, incorporating early neurological change enhances model calibration and clinical usefulness. This dynamic paradigm supports integrating short-term neurological change into prognostic assessment and individualized post-stroke care.