# The Impact of Coffee Consumption on Mortality Among Patients With Heart Failure

## TL;DR

Drinking up to three cups of coffee daily may be safe for heart failure patients, but four or more cups could increase mortality risk.

## Contribution

Identifies a potential link between high coffee consumption and increased mortality in heart failure patients.

## Key findings

- Consuming ≥4 cups of coffee per day was associated with increased mortality risk (OR: 1.58).
- One to three cups of coffee showed no significant association with mortality.
- Age was the strongest predictor of mortality in heart failure patients.

## Abstract

Aims: To assess the relationship between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality in heart failure (HF) patients, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Methods and results: We analyzed data from NHANES (2003-2018), including 915 participants with HF who reported daily caffeine intake. Participants were categorized into coffee consumption levels: zero, one, two, three, and ≥4 cups/day. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated the relationship between coffee intake and mortality, adjusted for age, sex, and income. The mean participant age was 67, with 401 (44%) women. While one to three cups/day showed no significant association with mortality, consuming ≥4 cups/day increased mortality risk (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.16-2.16; p=0.004). Age was the strongest predictor of mortality, while income and sex showed marginal associations.

Conclusions: Consuming up to three cups of coffee per day may be safe for patients with HF, while intake of four or more cups warrants caution due to the association with increased mortality. These findings underscore the need for further research to provide reliable recommendations.