# Can you read my poker-face? Adapting the still-face paradigm to explore dog’s interspecific communication

## TL;DR

This study explores how dogs adjust their communication strategies when interacting with humans who are unresponsive, using a modified still-face paradigm.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel 'face-away' phase and confirms the still-face effect in dogs, emphasizing the role of attachment bonds in interspecific communication.

## Key findings

- Dogs displayed more affiliative signals towards their owners compared to a familiar human during initial interactions.
- The frequency and duration of communicative behaviors decreased significantly during non-responsive phases.
- No differences were found between the still-face and face-away phases, suggesting a carry-over effect.

## Abstract

Domestic dogs rely on a sophisticated repertoire of visual displays to regulate social interactions. However, the interpretation of some of these displays, such as facial expressions, remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the communicative strategies dogs’ employ to re-establish a positive interaction with humans. We adopted a modified version of the classical Still-Face Paradigm and introduced two non-responsive phases: the classical “still-face” phase (human attentive but unresponsive) and a novel “face-away” phase (human turned away and inattentive) to test the flexibility of communicative signals modalities used by dogs. The test was conducted with both the owner (attachment figure) and a familiar human (familiar dog trainer). Results showed that dogs displayed a rich repertoire of visual and facial signals, which may serve affiliative and communicative functions, particularly during the first interaction and, overall, more towards their owner compared to the familiar human. Confirming a still-face effect, the frequency and duration of these behaviours significantly decreased in the non-responsive phases, compared to the first interaction. Contrary to our predictions, no differences emerged between the still-face and face-away phases and the exhibition of signals generally decreased in subsequent phases indicating a possible carry over effect. The higher communicative persistence towards the owner compared to the familiar human underscores the crucial role of the attachment bond in shaping the dog’s communicative strategies. These findings highlight the attachment bond as a key factor in interspecific communication, extend current research on the still-face paradigm in domestic dogs, and provide a valuable methodological tool for future investigations.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10071-026-02059-z.